{"id":758,"date":"2021-06-13T13:21:05","date_gmt":"2021-06-13T10:21:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=758"},"modified":"2021-06-13T13:31:23","modified_gmt":"2021-06-13T10:31:23","slug":"dijital-platform-calisanlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=758","title":{"rendered":"Dijital Platform \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p> Z ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan gen\u00e7lerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki se\u00e7imlerde oy kullanacak ve sonraki y\u0131llarda da \u00fclkenin gelece\u011fini belirleyecekler. Bu nedenle siyasi partiler se\u00e7im stratejilerini bu ku\u015fak etraf\u0131nda bi\u00e7imlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Kendileri hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u015fey s\u00f6yleniyor: bireyseller, kolay s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131yorlar, internet \u00fczerinde sosyalle\u015fiyorlar&#8230; Ancak Prof. Dr. Demet L\u00fck\u00fcsl\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fcn belirtti\u011fi gibi ku\u015fak tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131, di\u011fer toplumsal kategoriler gibi homojen kategorilerden olu\u015fmuyor ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla pazarlama ve insan kaynaklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131yor (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler-turkiye-53250029\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler-turkiye-53250029<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>\nZaman de\u011fi\u015fiyor, insanlar da&#8230; Gen\u00e7lerin anne ve babalar\u0131 gibi\nya\u015famak istememeleri ve d\u00fcnyaya farkl\u0131 bakmalar\u0131 ola\u011fan bir\ndurum. Ancak X (1965-1980 aras\u0131nda do\u011fanlar) ve Y (1981-1996\naras\u0131nda do\u011fanlar) ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131klamada yetersiz\nkalmas\u0131 gibi Z ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 (1997-2012 aras\u0131nda do\u011fanlar) da gelece\u011fe\ndair \u00e7ok fazla bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemiyor. Dikkatimizi da\u011f\u0131tan 15 y\u0131ll\u0131k\nkesitlerden ziyade kapitalizmin son 40 y\u0131ldaki de\u011fi\u015fimlerine\nbakmakta fayda var. Telek&#8217;in (2020) belirtti\u011fi gibi kapitalizm 40\ny\u0131l \u00f6nceki gibi \u00fcretmiyor ve kaynaklar\u0131 40 y\u0131l \u00f6nceki gibi\npayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131yor. \u0130\u015fyerleri farkl\u0131 ili\u015fkiler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde\n\u00f6rg\u00fctleniyor. Bu ba\u011flamda, Telek&#8217;in (2020) &#8220;1980&#8217;li y\u0131llar\nile birlikte de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomik, siyasi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve toplumsal\nili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde do\u011fan, b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ve bug\u00fcn hayatta kalma\nm\u00fccadelesi veren insanlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu yeni bir toplumsal akt\u00f6r&#8221;\nolarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 prekaryan\u0131n var olan d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlamak ve\nde\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in daha uygun bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sundu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u0130ngiliz iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Guy Standing prekaryay\u0131, yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan\nbir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak analiz ediyor. Prekarya iki kelimenin\nbirle\u015fiminden olu\u015fuyor: istikrars\u0131z ve belirsiz anlam\u0131na gelen\n<strong>precarious<\/strong> s\u0131fat\u0131 ile <strong>proleterya<\/strong>. Prekaryan\u0131n\nproleteryadan ayr\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131p al\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131\nayr\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusu. Fakat prekarya tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki\ng\u00fcvencesizlik vurgusu, son y\u0131llardaki geli\u015fmeleri\nanlamland\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir anahtar olabilir. D\u00fcn Y, bug\u00fcn\nZ ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan kesimin kendinden \u00f6ncekilerden en\nb\u00fcy\u00fck fark\u0131 bir g\u00fcvencesizlik girdab\u0131 i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nG\u00fcvencesizlik, farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kabilir.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, son zamanlarda Kod 29 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\ngibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar keyfi olarak i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131labilir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlara\ns\u00fcrekli i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma korkusu ya\u015fat\u0131l\u0131r: &#8220;D\u0131\u015far\u0131da\nayn\u0131 i\u015fi yapmak i\u00e7in s\u0131rada bekleyen bir s\u00fcr\u00fc insan var&#8221;\ntehdidi yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar, s\u00fcrekli hedef ve performans\nbask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130\u015fyerinde stat\u00fc ve gelir\na\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan y\u00fckselme olanaklar\u0131 son derece s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma\nsaatleri d\u00fczensiz ve zorlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f ya\u015fam dengesi s\u00fcrekli\nbozulur. Maliyetli oldu\u011fundan insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in\ngerekli \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmaz. Sendika yoktur veya sar\u0131 sendikalardan\nba\u015fka sendikalara \u00fcye olmak i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma nedenidir. Ki\u015filer\nbirlikte hakk\u0131n\u0131 arayamaz ve m\u00fccadele edemez;\nyaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (age). \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u0130\u015fte platform ekonomileri de g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fin son y\u0131llardaki en\n\u00f6nemli tezah\u00fcrlerinden biri. Cant&#8217;\u0131n (2019) vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi\nesnek ekonomiler; yeni y\u00f6netim, kontrol, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve k\u00e2r\nelde etme tekniklerinin test edildi\u011fi ve iyile\u015ftirildi\u011fi\nkapitalist bir laboratuvar olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Fakat bu\nlaboratuvardan bazen bizim i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli dersler \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Esnek\nekonomiler, ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n aleyhine. Fakat\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar eski \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin Telek&#8217;in\n(2020) proleter zaman\u0131 olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabah 8.30, ak\u015fam\n17.00 mesaisini istiyorlar m\u0131? \u0130nsanlar proleter zamandan ne kadar\nho\u015fnuttular? Efkan \u015ee\u015fen&#8217;in &#8220;Dokuz alt\u0131 yollar\u0131nda, Bir\nzincir bo\u011faz\u0131mda&#8230;&#8221; \u015fark\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nAyr\u0131ca esnek ekonomilerdeki deneyimler, yeniye eskinin g\u00f6zl\u00fckleriyle\nbakmamam\u0131z gerekti\u011fini anlat\u0131yor. B\u00f6yle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, yeni\nolanaklar\u0131 ve alttan alta geli\u015fen hareketi ka\u00e7\u0131rabiliyoruz. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenebilir mi?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nGe\u00e7mi\u015fteki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme modellerinin esnek ekonomilere uygulanmas\u0131\nzordur. Emek piyasas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan de\u011fi\u015fim oran\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir.\n\u0130nsanlar bir i\u015ften di\u011ferine ge\u00e7erler. Ayn\u0131 i\u015f yerinde, ayn\u0131\nanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan ileti\u015fim olanaklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r.\nAyr\u0131ca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n pazarl\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc\nk\u00f6m\u00fcr madencilerinin veya demiryolu i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin aksine, dijital\nplatformlardaki grevler (hen\u00fcz!) hayat\u0131 durduramaz. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin\nolanaklar\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcnde arad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda insan ister istemez\numutsuzlu\u011fa kap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rg\u00fctlenelim, sendikala\u015fal\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131\nhavada kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nOysa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n oldu\u011fu, emek ile sermayenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n\n\u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde direni\u015f ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Braverman, <em>Emek\nve Tekelci Sermaye<\/em> kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yazar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin yeni \u00fcretim\ntarzlar\u0131na al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, di\u011fer ya\u015fama\nbi\u00e7imlerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn imhas\u0131ndan, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in\nal\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131k ge\u00e7im ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n belirli oranlarda geni\u015fletilmesine\nizin veren \u00fccret pazarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan, nihayet di\u011fer\nya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olanaks\u0131z k\u0131lan modern kapitalist\nhayat a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dokunmas\u0131ndan do\u011far. Ancak bu al\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn\nalt\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kendilerine dayat\u0131lan de\u011fersizle\u015fmi\u015f\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131, istihdam ko\u015fullar\u0131\nizin verdi\u011fi ya da daha fazla emek yo\u011funlu\u011fu elde etmeye y\u00f6nelik\nkapitalist hamleler fiziksel ve zihinsel kapasitenin \u00f6tesini\nzorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlarda kendilerine y\u00fczeye ula\u015fan yollar bulan bir\nyeralt\u0131 nehri gibi s\u00fcr\u00fcp gider. Bu d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k yeni ku\u015faklarda\nyenilenir, \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fi hakk\u0131nda hissetti\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z\nolumsuzculuk ve nefrette kendi ifadesini bulur ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bekleyen\ntoplumsal bir sorun olarak defalarca su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nDijital platformlarda da son y\u0131llarda sorunlar\u0131n su y\u00fcz\u00fcne\n\u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015fte\naramaktansa esnek ekonomideki yeni dinamiklere yo\u011funla\u015fmak daha\nyararl\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nBirincisi, insanlar\u0131n birlikte ve belirli bir mekanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri olumsuz etkileyebilir. Uber\ns\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc, Deliveroo kuryesi veya bir temizlik platformunun\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 platform sahipleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yaln\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i\nplatformlarda serbest (freelance) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan veya mikro g\u00f6revleri\nyerine getiren ki\u015filer d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 k\u00f6\u015felerine\nda\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sorunlar ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa\nolsun birbirinde kopuk bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ortak bir sorun etraf\u0131nda\nbir araya gelmesi zordur. Fakat yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131nda g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz\ngibi platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 WhatsApp gruplar\u0131nda ve forumlarda bir\naraya geliyorlar. Bu mecralarda sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve i\u015fle\nilgili konularda birbirlerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyorlar. Platform\nsahiplerinin yasal d\u00fczenlemelerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in i\u015fveren\nolduklar\u0131n\u0131 reddetmeleri Woodcock&#8217;un (2021) i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi\nemek s\u00fcrecindeki \u00e7eli\u015fkileri daha da keskinle\u015ftiriyor.\nPlatformlar; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce \u00e7ok az bir e\u011fitim\nveriyor, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara gerekli ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131yor, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\nplatformdaki hesab\u0131n\u0131 sorgusuz sualsiz kapat\u0131yor ve herhangi bir\nsorunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmekten ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131yorlar. Benzer\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na maruz kalan ve benzer sorunlarla bo\u011fu\u015fan\ninsanlar ister istemez ger\u00e7ek veya sanal d\u00fcnyada bir araya geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u0130kincisi, platformlar ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fim\nkanallar\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131. Platformlarda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanla \u00fcst y\u00f6netim\naras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flayan orta kademe y\u00f6neticilerin\ng\u00f6revini algoritmalar\u0131n \u00fcstlenmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u015fle ilgili\n\u015fikayetlerinin birikmesine ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine neden oluyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\nzorunlu olarak emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindeki sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zebilmek ve\nseslerini yukar\u0131ya duyurabilmek i\u00e7in bir araya geliyorlar.\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar, esnekli\u011fin temel haklar\u0131n inkar\u0131 anlam\u0131na\ngelemeyece\u011fini savunuyorlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin Deliveroo \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131,\nh\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131klar, kazalar ve polisin kendilerini bir problem olarak\ng\u00f6rmesine kar\u015f\u0131 platform y\u00f6netiminin sessiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131 protesto\nediyorlar. Woodcock&#8217;un (2021) vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi platform sahipleri\ni\u015fveren gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyerek baz\u0131 yasal zorunluluklardan ka\u00e7\u0131nsalar\nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n platformlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6fkesi giderek art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, uzunca bir s\u00fcredir platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131\nsorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zebilmek ve dayan\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in birbirleriyle\nileti\u015fime ge\u00e7iyor, sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve resmi (bir\nsendika \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda) veya gayriresmi (WhatsApp, Facebook\ngruplar\u0131nda) \u00f6rg\u00fctleniyor. Son zamanlarda platformlara kar\u015f\u0131,\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ortak talepler etraf\u0131nda bir araya geldi\u011fi\nulusa\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin temelinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.\nABD, \u0130ngiltere, G\u00fcney Afrika, Hindistan vb yerlerdeki platform\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n ortakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131ndalar ve\nk\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde stratejiler geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Yeni\nEnternasyonal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nDijital platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 yaln\u0131z olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bilincine\nvar\u0131yorlar. Sermaye; yaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sendikas\u0131z ve\nm\u00fccadele g\u00fcc\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck i\u015f\u00e7iler umarken istemeden yeni bir\nenternasyonalin temellerini at\u0131yor. Dijital ileti\u015fim sayesinde\ndeneyimler payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor; Hong Kong&#8217;daki bir i\u015f\u00e7i Avrupa&#8217;daki\nsorun ve m\u00fccadelelerden haberdar olabiliyor. Zoom gibi ara\u00e7lar\nkullan\u0131larak \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenlenebiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n2016&#8217;da ba\u015flayan yerel grevler, 2020&#8217;de (Latin Amerika&#8217;daki e\u015f\ng\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc grevlerde oldu\u011fu gibi) uluslararas\u0131la\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.\nCovid-19 sonras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 protesto etmek\namac\u0131yla; Uber Eats, Glovo, Rappi ve iFood&#8217;a kar\u015f\u0131 Kosta Rika,\nGuatemala, Brezilya, Meksika, Ekvador, \u015eili, Peru ve Arjantin&#8217;de\ngrevler d\u00fczenlendi. Farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde benzer talepler vard\u0131:\nasgari \u00fccret oranlar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7eren daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler,\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in koruyucu ekipmanlar, iyile\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\nko\u015fullar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan hesaplar\u0131n\u0131n platformda kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na\nkar\u015f\u0131 platformun hesap verme zorunlulu\u011fu, sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan\nveya \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in adalet. \u00d6zellikle Covid-19&#8217;dan \u00e7ok\netkilenen Brezilya&#8217;da binlerce i\u015f\u00e7inin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 grevler\nd\u00fczenlendi ve eylem g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri sosyal medyada payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.\n\u0130ngiltere ile Brezilya aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6\u00e7, s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin grev\n\u00fczerinden ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve dayan\u0131\u015fma mesajlar\u0131\npayla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7 \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri ve di\u011fer i\u015f\nkollar\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele deneyimleri ile zenginle\u015fen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7\ngeli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler ister Londra&#8217;da ister Bengaluru&#8217;da (Hindistan) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fs\u0131nlar\nortak sorun ve taleplere sahipti. Ancak her \u00fclkenin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc\nko\u015fullar\u0131 ve m\u00fccadele birikimi oldu\u011funu da dikkate almak\ngerekiyor. G\u00fcney Afrika; \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede\ngeli\u015fmi\u015f, militan ve politikle\u015fmi\u015f sendikal k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahipti.\nBuna ra\u011fmen mevcut sendikal hareket, platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131yla\ns\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir ili\u015fki kurabildi. Hindistan&#8217;da olduk\u00e7a politikle\u015fmi\u015f\nbir sendikal hareket vard\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok sendika, siyasi partilerle\nili\u015fkiliydi. Hindistan sendikal hareketi, G\u00fcney Afrika&#8217;dan farkl\u0131\nolarak BT (Bili\u015fim Teknolojileri) sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ve platform\nekonomilerinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme konusunda daha istekliydi. Hedeflerinde\n\u00f6zellikle \u00f6zel ula\u015f\u0131m ve yemek ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. ABD&#8217;de\nise farkl\u0131 \u00f6rnekler s\u00f6z konusu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, New York&#8217;da New York\nTaksi \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 Birli\u011fi (New York Taxi Workers Alliance\n(NYTWA), Uber s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerini \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcyor. 2016&#8217;da kurulan ve\nbinlerce \u00fcyeye sahip Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler Loncas\u0131 (i\u00e7erisinde\nUluslararas\u0131 Makineciler ve Havac\u0131l\u0131k \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Derne\u011fi de\nvar), Uber, Lyft ve Via \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi i\u00e7in\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ancak Uber&#8217;in Lonca&#8217;ya, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n istihdam\nstat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc fazla kurcalamamas\u0131 (yani Uber&#8217;in i\u015fveren, Uber\ns\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn de Uber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 oldu\u011funda \u0131srar etmemesi)\nkar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda miktar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanmayan miktarda bir \u00f6deme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131\nhakk\u0131nda iddialar da var. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri bir araya getiren ve\nsendikalar taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Rideshare Drivers United ve Gig\nWorkers Rising gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler de var. Fakat bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler\nsadece belirli bir sekt\u00f6r\u00fc (taksicilik) hedefliyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla\ndi\u011fer esnek ekonomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsam\u0131yor. \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de\nise sekt\u00f6rler aras\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin uzun bir tarihi var. Uber\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 630.000&#8217;den fazla \u00fcyesi olan GMB&#8217;de,\ndaha sonra da IWGB&#8217;de (Independent Workers Union of Great Britain &#8211;\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Sendikas\u0131) \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye\nba\u015flad\u0131lar. 2016&#8217;daki grevlerden sonra da Deliveroo \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131\nIWGB&#8217;ye gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nSendikal hareketteki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve yasalar\nda platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde etkili olabiliyor.\nPlatformlar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kurallardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya\nve kurals\u0131z bir model geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. G\u00fcney Afrika\nve Hindistan&#8217;da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yasalar\nolmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n yasalar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler var.\nABD&#8217;de ise eyaletten eyalete de\u011fi\u015fen bir durum s\u00f6z konusu. Son\nzamanlarda New York ve California&#8217;da baz\u0131 d\u00fczenleme giri\u015fimleri\nolmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n di\u011fer eyaletlerin bu do\u011frultuda fazla bir \u00e7abas\u0131\nyok. Bu durum, \u015firketlerin lobi faaliyetleri ile daha da geriye\ngidebiliyor. \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de ise s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin Uber gibi platformlar\nad\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmeleri i\u00e7in <em>Londra i\u00e7in Ula\u015f\u0131m<\/em> gibi\nkurumlardan lisans almalar\u0131 gerekiyor. Ama bu lisanslama, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\nko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00d6zetle sendikal hareketin geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyi, \u00fclkedeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\nhayat\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenleyen yasalar ve bu yasalar\u0131n uygulanabilirli\u011fi\nyerel \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme faaliyetlerinde etkili oluyor. Ama \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme\ns\u00fcreci, ne platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;orada bir sendika var.\nhadi gidip orada \u00f6rg\u00fctlenelim.&#8221; ne de mevcut sendikalar\u0131n\n&#8220;orada \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz i\u015f\u00e7iler var, onlar\u0131 sendikam\u0131za \u00fcye\nyapal\u0131m.&#8221; demesiyle geli\u015fiyor. Ayr\u0131ca ba\u015fta g\u00fcvencesizlik\nolmak \u00fczere bir \u00e7ok ortak paydalar\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen her sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\nko\u015fullar\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme\nolanaklar\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131\nsekt\u00f6rdeki (yemek ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, taksicilik ve \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma) sorunlara ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesine bakaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Yemek\nTa\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Platformlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nEve yemek g\u00f6t\u00fcrme hizmetlerinin uzun bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi var. 2000 y\u0131l\n\u00f6nce Eski Roma&#8217;da insanlar thermopolium olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan\nyerlere gider ve buradaki d\u00fckkanlardan haz\u0131r yemek sat\u0131n al\u0131rd\u0131.\n18. yy sonunda Kore&#8217;de naengmyeon ad\u0131 verilen so\u011fuk eri\u015fteler\nsipari\u015f ediliyordu. Tarihte bilinen ilk pizza teslimat\u0131 ise 1889&#8217;da\nKral Umberto ve Krali\u00e7e Margherita&#8217;n\u0131n Napoli&#8217;deki saray\u0131na\nyap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk kez 1890&#8217;da Hindistan&#8217;da ba\u015flayan Dabbawala adl\u0131\nyemek g\u00f6t\u00fcrme hizmetinde ise evlerde ve lokantalarda haz\u0131rlanan\n\u00f6\u011fle yemekleri tren ve bisikletlerle giderek artan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc\nbeslemek amac\u0131yla \u015fehirlere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya\nSava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda da \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, evlerinden \u00e7\u0131kan\ninsanlar i\u00e7in bir yiyecek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sistemi kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\nAma eve yemek g\u00f6t\u00fcrme hizmetleri as\u0131l \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\nsonras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130nsanlar, eskiden krallar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi\nevlerine pizza s\u00f6ylemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar (Woodcock, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nTarih boyunca baz\u0131lar\u0131 yemekleri haz\u0131rlad\u0131 baz\u0131lar\u0131 da bunlar\u0131\nt\u00fcketti. Lokantalarda garson, mutfakta haz\u0131rlanan yemekleri\nrestoranda masada oturan m\u00fc\u015fterilere sunuyordu. Eve yemek g\u00f6t\u00fcrme\nhizmetinde ise yemekler mutfaktan al\u0131n\u0131p m\u00fc\u015fterinin evine ve\ni\u015fyerine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Ne de\u011fi\u015fti? \u0130lk ba\u015fta\nmesafenin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bunun yan\u0131nda, mesafe\nartarken yeme\u011fi m\u00fc\u015fteriye g\u00f6t\u00fcren ki\u015fiyle m\u00fc\u015fteri aras\u0131ndaki\netkile\u015fim azald\u0131. Garson, restorandaki m\u00fc\u015fteriyle ister istemez\ndaha fazla etkile\u015fime girmek zorundayd\u0131. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise eve yemek g\u00f6t\u00fcrme hizmetinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir\nde\u011fi\u015fiklik ya\u015fan\u0131yor. \u00d6nceden sipari\u015f vermek istedi\u011fimiz\nrestoran\u0131 arar ve talebimizi iletirdik. O da kendi elemanlar\u0131yla\nsipari\u015fimizi bize iletirdi. Sonra m\u00fc\u015fteriyle restoran\u0131n aras\u0131nda\nplatformlar girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Restoranlar platforma \u00fcye oluyor,\nm\u00fc\u015fteriler de sipari\u015flerini do\u011frudan restorana de\u011fil de\nplatforma bildiriyorlar. Platform sipari\u015fi restorana iletiyor.\nRestoran kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sipari\u015fi m\u00fc\u015fteriye\ng\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Restoran\u0131n yerinde marketler de olabiliyor. Her iki\ndurumda da i\u015f s\u00fcreci, restoran\/market \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n\u0131n sipari\u015fi\nm\u00fc\u015fteriye teslim etmesiyle son buluyor. T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de yayg\u0131n olarak\nbu model uygulan\u0131yor. Burada tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015f modelinde ise\nsipari\u015f, restoran \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, platform\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fc\u015fteriye g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bir di\u011fer\ndeyi\u015fle, Uber&#8217;in s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerle yolcular\u0131 ba\u011flamas\u0131 gibi\nDeliveroo ve Uber Eat platformlar\u0131 da restoranlarla m\u00fc\u015fterileri\nba\u011fl\u0131yor ve bunu yaparken yemek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m i\u015fini de organize\nediyor. Yeni i\u015f modeli sayesinde, restoranlar daha kolay sat\u0131\u015f\nyapabiliyorlar ve ayr\u0131ca yemek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m eleman\u0131 istihdam etmek\nzorunda kalm\u0131yorlar; m\u00fc\u015fteriler farkl\u0131 se\u00e7enekleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde\nbulundurarak sipari\u015f verebiliyor; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ise ayn\u0131 zamanda\nbirden fazla restoran i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabiliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nYukar\u0131da her ne kadar sipari\u015f, platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan\nm\u00fc\u015fteriye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor ifadesini kullanm\u0131\u015f olsam da\nplatformlar bu i\u015fi yapan ki\u015fileri kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 olarak\nde\u011fil, kendi i\u015finde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z s\u00f6zle\u015fmeliler olarak\ntan\u0131mlamay\u0131 tercih ediyor. Platform, m\u00fc\u015fteriden sipari\u015f ald\u0131\u011f\u0131\nzaman yemek ve teslimat \u00fccretini hesapl\u0131yor. Kimi zaman iki \u00fccreti\nayr\u0131 ayr\u0131, kimi zaman da toplam olarak m\u00fc\u015fteriye g\u00f6steriyor.\nPlatform, ya bir komisyon ya da m\u00fc\u015fteriye y\u00fcklenecek bir \u00fccret\nkar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeme\u011fi restorandan sat\u0131n al\u0131yor. B\u00f6ylece\nplatform, \u00f6ncelikle yemek sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinden bir kazan\u00e7 sa\u011fl\u0131yor.\n\u0130kinci kazanc\u0131 ise yemekleri m\u00fc\u015fteriye g\u00f6t\u00fcren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan\nyapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesintilerle elde ediyor. Burada \u00f6zellikle ikincisi\n\u00fczerinde durmak gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nPlatformlar\u0131n serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar olarak adland\u0131rmay\u0131 tercih\netti\u011fi i\u015f\u00e7iler platforma \u00fcye oluyorlar ve platformun uygulamas\u0131\n\u00fczerinden yeme\u011fi bir lokantadan al\u0131p m\u00fc\u015fteriye iletmek \u00fczere\ng\u00f6revlendiriliyorlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin Deliveroo&#8217;da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in\nbisiklet, araba veya motosiklet sahibi olmak gerekiyor. Platformun\nuygulamas\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmek i\u00e7in ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonunuzda en az iOS\n12 ve Android 6 i\u015fletim sistemleri olmal\u0131. Kask gibi g\u00fcvenlik\nekipmanlar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funda. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin\nteslimat s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir depozito \u00f6deyerek ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcniformalar\u0131\ngiymeleri bekleniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nArt\u0131k belirli g\u00fcn ve saatlerde bir restoranda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan,\nsipari\u015fleri m\u00fc\u015fteriye g\u00f6t\u00fcren ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayl\u0131k\n(g\u00fcndelik, haftal\u0131k) alan bir i\u015f\u00e7iden s\u00f6z etmiyoruz. Bir\nrestoranda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7inin sabit bir kazanc\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen\nplatform \u00fcyesi i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00e7o\u011funlukla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fe g\u00f6re gelir\nelde ediyorlar. O g\u00fcn platformda belki iki \u00fc\u00e7 saat, her an\n\u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmay\u0131 beklemi\u015f olabilirsiniz. Ama bu beklenen s\u00fcrenin\nherhangi bir maddi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmuyor. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nYine de bu esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma modelini benimseyen i\u015f\u00e7iler var.\nWoodcock&#8217;un (2021) aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi daha \u00f6nce \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezinde\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131, art\u0131k ensesinde s\u00fcrekli\nkendini g\u00f6zetleyen bir m\u00fcd\u00fcr olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in mutlu oldu\u011funu\ns\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bir m\u00fcd\u00fcr yerine algoritmalar taraf\u0131ndan izlenmenin\ndaha iyi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Ku\u015fkusuz bir m\u00fcd\u00fcr taraf\u0131ndan\ns\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zetlenmek ve kimi zaman onun kaprislerine katlanmak\nrahats\u0131z edici bir durum. Fakat orta kademe amirlerin olmamas\u0131\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n \u015fikayet ve sorunlar\u0131n\u0131m \u00fcst y\u00f6netime ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131\nzorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Buna \u00fcst y\u00f6netimin i\u015fveren olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemek\ni\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7aba ve sorunlar\u0131 duymazl\u0131ktan gelmesi de\neklenince en ufak sorunlar bile b\u00fcy\u00fcyor. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nPlatform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, i\u015flerini tek ba\u015flar\u0131na yap\u0131yorlar: Bir\nki\u015fi uygulaman\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirmesi do\u011frultusunda sipari\u015fi\nrestorandan al\u0131yor ve m\u00fc\u015fteriye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir\nfabrikada bir araya gelen proleteryan\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme olanaklar\u0131ndan\nyoksunlar. Fakat di\u011fer yandan, platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ayn\u0131\nyollardan ge\u00e7iyorlar ve uygulamadan yeni i\u015f beklerken \u015fehrin\nbelirli yerlerinde bir araya geliyorlar. Buralarda i\u015f\u00e7iler\nsorular\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na y\u00f6neltiyor ve\nsorunlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirleriyle payla\u015f\u0131yorlar. Yemek ta\u015f\u0131ma\nplatformlar\u0131 \u00f6ncesindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile\nkar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda restoran \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme\nve ortak hareket etme olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Daha\n\u00f6nce farkl\u0131 restoranlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve yemek teslimat\u0131 yapan iki\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan birbirinden habersizken, belki patronlardan kaynakl\u0131\nfarkl\u0131 deneyimler ya\u015farken \u015fimdi platformlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\nkayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ortakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u015eehirlerde belirli bekleme noktalar\u0131nda bir araya gelen platform\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 bunun yan\u0131nda ba\u015fta WhatsApp olmak \u00fczere iMessage,\nTelegram veya Signal gibi mesajla\u015fma uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 ve Facebook&#8217;u\nda yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131yorlar. \u0130\u015flerini yapmak i\u00e7in ak\u0131ll\u0131\ntelefon ta\u015f\u0131ma zorunlulu\u011fu i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fim a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\nda s\u00fcrekli aktif olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. WhatsApp gruplar\u0131nda, \u00fcye\nsay\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131k\u00e7a bir konuyu tart\u0131\u015fmak zor olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen\ninsanlar\u0131n gruptaki ki\u015fileri g\u00f6rebilmesi y\u00fcz y\u00fcze veya daha\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir grupta g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nWoodcock (2021), \u015fehirlerdeki platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda\n\u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin,\n2016&#8217;da Londra&#8217;daki bisikletli Deliveroo \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n\n\u00e7o\u011funlukla \u0130ngiliz veya Avrupal\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci veya yeni mezunlardan,\nmotosikletli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ise farkl\u0131 \u0131rklardan (Brezilyal\u0131,\nBengalli, Cezayirli, Do\u011fu Avrupal\u0131 vs) g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu\nyaz\u0131yor. Sonraki y\u0131llarda yeni g\u00f6\u00e7ler ve ikinci ku\u015fak\ng\u00f6\u00e7menlerle beraber bu durum de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f. Bisikletli g\u00f6\u00e7men\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f. G\u00f6\u00e7menler kendi m\u00fccadele\nk\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini de Londra&#8217;ya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015flar. Brezilyal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler\n\u00f6z savunma gruplar\u0131yla motosiklet h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131\n\u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fler. S\u00f6z konusu \u00f6z savunma gruplar\u0131, grevlerin ve\nprotestolar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde de etkili olmu\u015f. Di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde\nde g\u00f6\u00e7menler platform i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip. G\u00fcney\nAfrika&#8217;da; Zimbabve, Malavi, Mozambik ve Kongo Demokratik\nCumhuriyeti&#8217;nden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerinin yan\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fehirlerden\nb\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menler var. Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n Bangalore\n\u015fehrindeki platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015fka \u015fehirlerden\nveya k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerden g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 fazla. Woodcock\n(2021) g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n platformlara yeni m\u00fccadele\ngelenekleri ve bi\u00e7imleri getirdi\u011fini savunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nSermaye, dijital platformlar\u0131 bir laboratuvar olara g\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve i\u015f\nmodelleri zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015febiliyor. Deliveroo&#8217;nun 2016&#8217;daki\n\u00fccret politikas\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 radikal de\u011fi\u015fiklikte oldu\u011fu gibi\ni\u015f modellerinde \u00e7e\u015fitli deneyler\/denemeler yap\u0131l\u0131yor\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2016\/aug\/15\/deliveroo-workers-strike-again-over-new-pay-structure\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2016\/aug\/15\/deliveroo-workers-strike-again-over-new-pay-structure<\/a>).\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Deliveroo \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 saat ba\u015f\u0131\n\u00a37, her teslimat ba\u015f\u0131na da \u00a31 al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Deliveroo bu\nuygulamay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fini ve art\u0131k teslimat ba\u015f\u0131na \u00a33.75\n\u00f6deme yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. Bu karar, her zaman oldu\u011fu gibi\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmemi\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar karar\u0131\ntelefonlar\u0131na gelen bir mesajdan \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015flerdi. Tepkilerini\ng\u00f6sterme ve i\u015fverenle pazarl\u0131k yapma \u015fanslar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\n(daha sonra bunun gibi durumlarda s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi) greve\ngittiler ve seslerini duyurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Grevlerin her zaman\nsonu\u00e7 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemese de grevler, i\u015f\u00e7i a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n\nolu\u015fumuna yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Daha \u00f6nce restoranlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda veya\nsokak k\u00f6\u015felerinde bir araya gelen i\u015f\u00e7iler, \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck\ngruplar halinde bir araya gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Taktik ve strateji\ntart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitlesel toplant\u0131lar\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Grev g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri sosyal medyada payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.\nA\u011flarda payla\u015f\u0131lan m\u00fccadele bilgileri, Avrupa&#8217;da dayan\u0131\u015fma\ngrevlerini ate\u015fledi. 2016 grevi sonras\u0131nda da i\u015f\u00e7ilerin eylemleri\ndevam etti. Harekete kat\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 giderek artt\u0131.\nBununlar beraber farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki i\u015f\u00e7ileri de i\u00e7ine alan bir\nhareket geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 2016&#8217;da ba\u015flayan hareket, bir \u00e7ok\nyerdeki i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nGrev ve protestolar boyunca en can al\u0131c\u0131 sorunlardan biri\nplatformla ileti\u015fim veya m\u00fczakere kanallar\u0131n\u0131n kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131yd\u0131.\nPlatformlar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bunun bir istihdam ili\u015fkisine i\u015faret\nedece\u011finden \u00e7ekinerek herhangi bir resmi m\u00fczakereye girmek\nistemediler. Bir\u00e7ok grev ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir m\u00fczakereyle sonu\u00e7lanmad\u0131\nveya yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ba\u015fka bir \u015feye atfedildi. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Taksicilik\nPlatformlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nYemek teslimat\u0131 ile taksicili\u011fin bir \u00e7ok benzerli\u011fi olmas\u0131n\u0131n\nyan\u0131nda baz\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar da var. Yemek teslimat\u0131nda, platform\n\u00fc\u00e7 taraf aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Restoranlardan sat\u0131n\nal\u0131nan yemek, platformun g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi bir kurye taraf\u0131ndan\nm\u00fc\u015fteriye ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Taksicilikte ise platform iki taraf\u0131\nbir araya getiriyor: s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ve yolcu. \u0130kinci farkl\u0131l\u0131k ise\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n maliyetleri ile ilgili. Taksicili\u011fin maliyeti\nbisiklet veya motosikletle yap\u0131lan yemek teslimat\u0131n\u0131n maliyetinden\n\u00e7ok daha fazla. Londra&#8217;da taksicilik yapmak isteyen bir s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn\n\u00f6zel bir lisans almas\u0131 gerekiyor. Ayr\u0131ca kimi zaman s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin\nplatform taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullanmas\u0131 gerekiyor.\nEsnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri ve bekleme zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\n\u00f6denmemesi burada da ge\u00e7erli. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nS\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131, platform i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir\navantaj. Uber gibi \u00e7ok fazla s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcye sahip olan platformlar\nkendilerini \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede hizmet sa\u011flayabilen platformlar\nolarak pazarlayabiliyorlar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin esnekli\u011fi, ek i\u015f\nyapmak isteyen biri i\u00e7in bir avantaj gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ama\nhayat\u0131n\u0131 Uber&#8217;den kazanmak isteyen bir s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn tam zamanl\u0131\nve kimi zaman fazla mesai yaparak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Hindistan\nve G\u00fcney Afrika&#8217;da platformlar, arabas\u0131 olmayan s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclere araba\nkiralama olana\u011f\u0131 da sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Platform, araba sahipleri ile\narabas\u0131 olmayan s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 da kuruyor.\nAncak s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc, araba kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hafta hi\u00e7 i\u015f yapmasa da\n(\u00f6rne\u011fin sa\u011fl\u0131k nedenleri ile) kira, platform taraf\u0131ndan\ns\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcden kesiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nPazara yeni giren bir taksi servisi rakiplerini alt etmek i\u00e7in hem\ns\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler hem de yolcular i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullar yaratmaya\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ama platform tekel konumuna ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\ns\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015fmesi veya platformun\ns\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesintiyi art\u0131rmas\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerde hayal\nk\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarat\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131lar\u0131, y\u00f6netimsel\nsorunlar ve platformdaki hesaplar\u0131n\u0131n sorgusuz sualsiz\nkapat\u0131labilece\u011fi ihtimali s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin \u015fikayetlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda\ngeliyor. Uber ve Lyft gibi platformlar yolculara daha cazip bir\nhizmet sunabilmek i\u00e7in platformdaki aktif s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\ns\u00fcrekli y\u00fcksek tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Belirli bir yerde talep\nartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman oralardaki s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin alabilece\u011fi \u00fccreti\nart\u0131r\u0131yor ve taksileri oraya y\u00f6nlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Fakat\nplatform, arz ve talep konusunda \u015feffaf olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler\nplatformun y\u00f6neltti\u011fi y\u00fcksek \u00fccretli yere geldiklerinde talep\nkar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc fark ediyor,\noraya bo\u015funa gitmi\u015f oluyorlar. S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler, platformun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc\ng\u00f6r\u00fcp kestirimlerde bulunabildi\u011fi ve y\u00f6netti\u011fi bir arz talep\noyununun i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131n\u0131p duruyorlar. Daha \u00f6nce aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\ngibi baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, t\u00fcm hareketlerini g\u00f6zetleyen bir y\u00f6netici\nyerine bu i\u015fin algoritmalar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n daha adil ve\ndaha az stresli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Fakat di\u011fer yandan\nalgoritmalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendilerini tamamen g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz hisseden\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar da var. Uber, algoritmalar\u0131n\u0131n arz-talep dengesine\ng\u00f6re \u00f6deme oranlar\u0131n\u0131 ayarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylese de s\u00fcrecin\n\u015feffaf olmamas\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131k yarat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nAyr\u0131ca bir \u00e7ok platformda platform sahipleri \u00f6deme oranlar\u0131n\u0131\nkeyfi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebiliyor. Uber&#8217;in potansiyel yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131yla\nyapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplant\u0131da \u015firketin CFO&#8217;su Brent Callinicos, Uber&#8217;in\ntaksi \u00fccretlerindeki oran\u0131n\u0131 kolayca %25&#8217;ten %30&#8217;a\n\u00e7\u0131karabileceklerini s\u00f6yler. Bunun \u00fczerine risk sermayedar\u0131 Mike\nNovogratz, &#8220;Mutlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131z var, mutlu m\u00fc\u015fterileriniz\nvar, mutlu hissedarlar\u0131n\u0131z var. Kutsal \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015firketinizden\nheyecan duyuyor. Neden bunu riske at\u0131yor ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n\n\u00fccretini %5 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7ekiyorsunuz?&#8221; diye sorar. Callinicos,\n&#8220;\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunu yapabiliyoruz.&#8221; der (Slee, 2015). Ama\ns\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler Callinicos&#8217;a bunun her zaman o kadar kolay olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\ng\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130lk tepkiler, yereldi ve kal\u0131c\u0131 bir\n\u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeden \u00e7ok ya\u015fan\u0131lan sorunlara kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli\neylem birliktelikleriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n2015&#8217;te Tampa&#8217;da (ABD) Uber&#8217;in \u00f6deme oranlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi\nsonras\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler, Uber&#8217;in algoritmas\u0131n\u0131 kendine kar\u015f\u0131\nkullanmaya karar verdiler. \u00d6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde, talebin en yo\u011fun\nolaca\u011f\u0131 yer ve zamanlarda (hafta sonu gece kul\u00fcpleri \u00f6nlerinde,\nspor kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnlerde ve havaalan\u0131\n\u00f6nlerinde) sistemde aktif g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyerek arz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\nyaratarak oranlar\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u00e7ektiler. Oranlar y\u00fckseldi\u011fi anda ise\ntekrar aktif olarak y\u00fcksek \u00f6deme oranlar\u0131ndan yolcu ald\u0131lar.\nUber, bunu fark etti\u011finde baz\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin platformdaki\nhesaplar\u0131n\u0131 kapatt\u0131. Fakat bu s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin eylemlerini\ndurdurmad\u0131. Bu sefer daha incelikli bir \u015fekilde algoritmay\u0131\n\u015fa\u015f\u0131rtt\u0131lar. Uber&#8217;den gelen talepleri kabul ettiler fakat\nkendilerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 trafik s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle\nellerinde olmayan (!) nedenlerden dolay\u0131 talebi yerine getiremediler\nve yine arz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaratarak \u00f6deme oranlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131\nsa\u011flad\u0131lar. S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler ayn\u0131 eylemi Soho&#8217;da (ABD) yapt\u0131lar. Bu\neylemler ve sokak g\u00f6sterileri bir s\u00fcre devam etti; daha sonra Uber\neski oranlar\u0131 geri getirmek zorunda kald\u0131. Fakat bu eylemler kal\u0131c\u0131\n\u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemedi (Mrvos, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u0130ngiltere&#8217;de ise Uber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 daha kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelere\ny\u00f6neldiler. Sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmak ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak i\u00e7in\nLondral\u0131 taksiciler ilk ba\u015fta LPHADA (London Private Hire App Based\nDrivers Association) \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir araya geldiler ve sonra\nGMB (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gmb.org.uk\/\">https:\/\/www.gmb.org.uk\/<\/a>)\nsendikas\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Daha sonra bu sendikadan memnun kalmayarak\nIWGB&#8217;ye (<a href=\"https:\/\/iwgb.org.uk\/\">https:\/\/iwgb.org.uk\/<\/a>)\nge\u00e7tiler. \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme s\u00fcreci boyunca platformlara kar\u015f\u0131 hukuksal\nbir m\u00fccadele ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. Grevler, protestolar ve sosyal medya\nkampanyalar\u0131 d\u00fczenlediler. Farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerle\nba\u011flant\u0131lar kurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nArt\u0131k platformlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele yereldeki protestolar\u0131n\nyan\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 bir boyuta da sahip. 8 May\u0131s 2019&#8217;da ABD,\n\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, \u0130sko\u00e7ya, Nijerya, \u015eili, Brezilya, Panama,\nKosta Rika ve Avustralya&#8217;da iki saatlik bir grev d\u00fczenlendi\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2019\/may\/08\/uber-drivers-strike-over-pay-and-conditions\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2019\/may\/08\/uber-drivers-strike-over-pay-and-conditions<\/a>).\nWoodcock&#8217;\u0131n (2021) belirtti\u011fi gibi buradaki t\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler greve\nkat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olsalar da a\u011flar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme potansiyelini\ng\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir grevdi. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda\nHindistan&#8217;da, 11 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirdeki 250000 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 temsilen 157\ndelegenin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ulusal bir toplant\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. 29 Ocak\n2020&#8217;de, Uygulama Tabanl\u0131 Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n\nUluslararas\u0131 \u0130ttifak\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n (International Alliance of App-Based\nTransport Workers -IAATW) ilk toplant\u0131s\u0131 \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de d\u00fczenlendi.\nToplant\u0131ya 23 \u00fclkeden, alt\u0131 k\u0131tadan kat\u0131lan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\nUber, Bolt, Grab ve Lyft gibi platformlara kar\u015f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bir\nstrateji olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in bir araya geldiler\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.taxi-point.co.uk\/post\/global-transport-workers-set-to-meet-to-plan-international-strategy-to-beat-ride-hailing-apps\">https:\/\/www.taxi-point.co.uk\/post\/global-transport-workers-set-to-meet-to-plan-international-strategy-to-beat-ride-hailing-apps<\/a>).\nD\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret, g\u00fcvencesizlik ve tehlikeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131\nk\u00fcresel bir sorundu ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de k\u00fcresel olmak zorundayd\u0131. Bu\ntoplant\u0131y\u0131, 25-26 Haziran 2020&#8217;de \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i olarak d\u00fczenlenen\nK\u00fcresel Dijital \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Konferans\u0131\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/mobilealliance.org\/twn-conference\/\">https:\/\/mobilealliance.org\/twn-conference\/<\/a>)\ntakip etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c7evrimi\u00e7i\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nYemek ve ula\u015f\u0131m sekt\u00f6rleri, belirli bir yerde yap\u0131lan ve\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n birbirleriyle y\u00fcz y\u00fcze ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7ebildi\u011fi\nsekt\u00f6rler. Fakat \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i platformlarda serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\n(grafik tasar\u0131m\u0131 yapan, web sitesi veya yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiren) veya\nmikro g\u00f6revleri yerine getirenler i\u00e7in y\u00fcz y\u00fcze ileti\u015fim\nolanaklar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i i\u015f\u00e7ilerin\nplatformlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve\n\u00f6rg\u00fctlenebildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren \u00f6rnekler var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nSermaye, dijital platformlar sayesinde i\u015fleri, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha\nucuz oldu\u011fu yerlerde yapt\u0131rabiliyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar da kendi\n\u00fclkelerinin emek piyasas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak bir\ngelir elde edebiliyorlar. Platforma \u00fcye olan i\u015f\u00e7iler, platformda\nlistelenen bir i\u015fi yapmak i\u00e7in daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teklifler vererek\nbirbirlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\naras\u0131nda zorunlu bir rekabet var. Platformda yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7ok i\u015f,\ni\u015fbirli\u011fi gerektirmesine kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve\ne\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fc platform taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u0130zole \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\nve s\u00fcrekli rekabetin te\u015fvik edilmesi, platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n\nbir araya gelmesinin ve ortak hareket etmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir\nengel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nAncak platformda ya\u015fanan zorluklar ve sorunlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131\nfarkl\u0131 ortamlarda bir araya gelmeye te\u015fvik ediyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin\nplatformdaki g\u00f6revlerin kimi zaman yeterince a\u00e7\u0131k olmamas\u0131\nnedeniyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar farkl\u0131 ortamlarda bulu\u015fuyor ve sorunlar\u0131n\u0131\npayla\u015f\u0131yor. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re\n\u00e7evrimi\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %58&#8217;i haftada en az bir kez sosyal\nmedya, e-posta, mesajla\u015fma uygulamalar\u0131 veya forumlar \u00fczerinden\nbirbiriyle ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7iyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nPlatform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getiren bir di\u011fer sorun da\nplatformlardaki \u00fccret h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131. Amazon&#8217;un MTurk&#8217;\u00fcnde\noldu\u011fu gibi baz\u0131 platformlarda m\u00fc\u015fteri, platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n\u0131n\nyapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin gereksinimleri kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek\n\u00fccret \u00f6demeyi reddedebiliyor. Baz\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fteriler bunu al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k\nhaline getirerek i\u015flerini \u00fccret \u00f6demeden yapt\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nTurkopticon \u00f6rne\u011fi basit ama do\u011fru bir m\u00fcdahalenin bile\nplatformdaki dengeleri de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fini ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131\ng\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Lilly Irani ve Six Silberman&#8217;\u0131n\nakademik bir projesinden do\u011fan Turkopticon (ad\u0131 Amazon&#8217;un\nMTurk&#8217;unden ve Foucault&#8217;un panoptikonundan geliyor) m\u00fc\u015fteriler ve\nplatform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki dengesizli\u011fi gidermek i\u00e7in\ngeli\u015ftirilmi\u015f. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar, m\u00fc\u015fterilerle ili\u015fkilerini\nde\u011ferlendiriyor ve birbirlerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyorlar.  Platform\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, Woodcock&#8217;un (2021) sanal sokak k\u00f6\u015feleri olarak\nadland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Reddit gibi forumlarda da bir araya geliyor ve\nsorunlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nRev adl\u0131 platforma kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen hareket, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ne kadar etkili olabilece\u011fini\nve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Rev\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rev.com\/about\">https:\/\/www.rev.com\/about<\/a>),\ntranskripsiyon, altyaz\u0131 yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7evirmenlik hizmeti veren\nen b\u00fcy\u00fck platformlardan biri. Misyonunu &#8220;daha fazla insana\nevden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vermek&#8221; olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor ve\ninsanlar\u0131n istedikleri zaman platforma giri\u015f yap\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131\nsavunuyor. Fakat 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fccret politikas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fini\nduyurmas\u0131 platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda huzursuzlu\u011fa neden\noldu. Rev&#8217;in i\u00e7inden bir muhbirin s\u00f6yledi\u011fine g\u00f6re bir dolarl\u0131k\nbir i\u015fin 50 veya 55 senti platforma gidiyordu. Yeni d\u00fczenlemeyle\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131 asgari \u00fccret 30 sente d\u00fc\u015fecekti.\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi protesto etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.\nTepkiler sosyal medyaya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Protestolar boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\nplatformdan i\u015f al\u0131p tamamlamayarak platformda t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131k\nyaratt\u0131lar. Tart\u0131\u015fmalar baz\u0131 yerlerde sosyal medya ve forumlardan\nger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyadaki kafe toplant\u0131lar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Woodcock&#8217;a\n(2021) g\u00f6re Rev \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n protestolar\u0131n\u0131 yar\u0131 grev\nolarak tan\u0131mlanabilirdi. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun herhangi bir\n\u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc m\u00fccadele deneyimi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i gruplar\u0131\nile de herhangi bir ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 yoktu. Protesto ediyorlard\u0131, ama\ni\u015fe geri d\u00f6nmek i\u00e7in bir talepte bulunmuyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nRev, platformdan ayr\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n yerini yenileriyle\ndolduruyordu. \u015eirket, daha sonra \u00fccretlendirme politikas\u0131n\u0131\nyeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irece\u011fini duyurdu. Fakat kayda de\u011fer bir\nde\u011fi\u015fiklik olmad\u0131. Woodcock (2021), Rev ve di\u011fer platform\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n protestolar\u0131n\u0131n zafere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fememesini\npazarl\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki eksikli\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131yor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sanal\nveya ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyadaki ileti\u015fim olanaklar\u0131ndan yararlanarak bir\naraya gelmesi kolektif direni\u015fin ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131na\nkar\u015f\u0131n protestolar kendili\u011finden bir g\u00fc\u00e7 in\u015fa edemiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nAma y\u0131llar \u00f6nce Marx ve Engels&#8217;in Manifesto&#8217;da proleterya i\u00e7in\nyazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bunu bir zay\u0131fl\u0131k olarak de\u011fil \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme\ns\u00fcrecinin bir u\u011fra\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rebiliriz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nZaman zaman i\u015f\u00e7iler galip\ngelirler, ama ancak bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in. Sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\nmeyveleri o andaki sonu\u00e7larda de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin durmadan\ngeni\u015fleyen birli\u011finde yatar. Modern sanayi taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lan\ngeli\u015fkin ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 bu birli\u011fe yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur ve bu,\nfarkl\u0131 yerlerdeki i\u015f\u00e7ileri birbirleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131ya sokar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">***<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nPlatform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada \u00f6rg\u00fctleniyor. Hen\u00fcz yolun\nba\u015f\u0131nda olsalar da Woodcock&#8217;un (2021) i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi s\u00fcre\u00e7\nge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ilerliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin,\nfabrikalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in\nyeni taktik ve stratejiler olu\u015fturmas\u0131 daha uzun s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nPlatform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadeleleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daha sonra\nayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak tart\u0131\u015fmak istedi\u011fim bir ba\u015fka se\u00e7enek de\n\u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetli platformlara kar\u015f\u0131 platform kooperatiflerinin\nhayata ge\u00e7irilmesi. Sonu\u00e7ta Deliveroo ve Uber gibi platformlar\u0131n\nkulland\u0131\u011f\u0131na benzer bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirmek o kadar zor de\u011fil.\nFakat sermayeyi ortadan kald\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in bir yaz\u0131l\u0131ma sahip\nolmak yeterli olmuyor. Platformlar kullan\u0131c\u0131 al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131\nde\u011fi\u015ftirene ve rakiplerini ortadan kald\u0131rana kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar\nelde etmiyorlar, hatta\n\u00e7o\u011fu zaman zarar ediyorlar.\nBirden\nfazla oyuncunun oldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6rlerde olabildi\u011fince fiyat k\u0131rarak\nrakibi saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Uygulamalar\u0131\n\u00e7ok iyi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de\u011fil, arkalar\u0131ndaki sermaye deste\u011fiyle\nrekabette ayakta kalabildikleri i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oluyorlar. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nBu\n\u015fartlar alt\u0131nda, ne kadar insani \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 sunarsa\nsunsun bir  platform\nkooperatifinin geni\u015f\nb\u00fct\u00e7eli ve yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131ma sahip kapitalist bir platform\nkar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayakta\nkalabilmesi zor\ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Englert\nvd.&#8217;nin\n(2020) vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi alternatif platformlar \u015fimdiye kadar\nsadece  d\u00fczenleyiciler veya yasal de\u011fi\u015fiklikler kapitalist\nalternatifleri engelledi\u011finde i\u015fleyebildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n<strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nCant, C. (2019) Riding for Deliveroo: Resistance in the New Economy.\nCambridge: Polity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nEnglert, Sai, Jamie Woodcock and Callum Cant. 2020. Digital\nWorkerism: Technology, Platforms, and the Circulation of Workers\u2019\nStruggles. tripleC, 18(1): 132\u2013145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nMrvos, D. (2021). Illusioned and Alienated: Can Gig Workers Organise\nCollectively?. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism &amp; Critique.\nOpen Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society,\n19(1), 262-276.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nTelek, A. (2020). Art\u0131k Hepimiz Prekaryay\u0131z: Tehlikeli ve Umutlu\nGelecek. Nota Bene Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nSlee, T. (2015). What&#8217;s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy.\nNew York: OR Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nWoodcock, J. (2021). The Fight Against Platform Capitalism: An\nInquiry into the Global Struggles of the Gig Economy. London:\nUniversity of Westminster Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Z ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan gen\u00e7lerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki se\u00e7imlerde oy kullanacak ve sonraki y\u0131llarda da \u00fclkenin gelece\u011fini belirleyecekler. Bu nedenle siyasi partiler se\u00e7im stratejilerini bu ku\u015fak etraf\u0131nda bi\u00e7imlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Kendileri hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u015fey s\u00f6yleniyor: bireyseller, kolay s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131yorlar, internet \u00fczerinde sosyalle\u015fiyorlar&#8230; Ancak Prof. Dr. Demet L\u00fck\u00fcsl\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fcn belirtti\u011fi gibi ku\u015fak tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131, di\u011fer toplumsal kategoriler gibi homojen kategorilerden olu\u015fmuyor ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla pazarlama ve insan kaynaklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131yor (https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler-turkiye-53250029).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[70,13,25,3,298],"tags":[411,402,403,409,407,408,410,280,406,282],"class_list":["post-758","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-emek","category-fikri-mulkiyet","category-gozetim","category-ozgur_yazilim","category-yapay-zeka","tag-cevrimici-calisanlar","tag-esnek-calisma","tag-gig","tag-gmb","tag-guvencesizlik","tag-independent-workers-union-of-great-britain","tag-iwgb","tag-platform-kapitalizmi","tag-prekarya","tag-uber"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/758","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=758"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/758\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":760,"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/758\/revisions\/760"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=758"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=758"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=758"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}