{"id":336,"date":"2014-06-08T22:37:25","date_gmt":"2014-06-08T19:37:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=336"},"modified":"2014-06-08T22:53:15","modified_gmt":"2014-06-08T19:53:15","slug":"ozgur-yazilim-ve-mulkiyet-bir-duzeltme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=336","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve M\u00fclkiyet : Bir D\u00fczeltme"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bilim ve Gelecek&#8217;teki ilk yaz\u0131m \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00fczerineydi. Sonraki yaz\u0131larda da do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Kimi zaman ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ilgisiz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen konular \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mla sonland\u0131. Bunun birinci nedeni, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ak\u0131ll\u0131 ev aletlerinden otomobillere, sa\u011fl\u0131ktan se\u00e7im sistemlerine kadar hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmesi. \u0130kincisi ise toplum ve bili\u015fim teknolojileri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n prizmas\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bu ili\u015fkinin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi \u00e7eli\u015fkileri ve e\u011filimleri daha net g\u00f6rebilmemiz. Bu yaz\u0131 da ge\u00e7mi\u015f say\u0131lardaki bir hatam\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek istedi\u011fim bir \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131.<!--more-->Bilim ve Gelecek&#8217;in 95. say\u0131s\u0131nda, \u201cFikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131da Richard Stallman&#8217;\u0131n (<a title=\"http:\/\/www.gnu.org\/philosophy\/not-ipr.html\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gnu.org\/philosophy\/not-ipr.html\">http:\/\/www.gnu.org\/philosophy\/not-ipr.html<\/a>) fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc payla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Stallman&#8217;\u0131 takip ederek m\u00fclkiyet kavram\u0131n\u0131n maddi olmayan kaynaklar (yaz\u0131l\u0131m, m\u00fczik, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc vb) i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftum:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Fikri m\u00fclkiyet, dolayl\u0131 olarak fikirlerin de fiziksel nesneler gibi m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Oysa enformasyon, maddi nesnelerin aksine kopyalanabilir ve sonsuz kere payla\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ard\u0131ndan da Hardin&#8217;in \u201cOrtakla\u015fan\u0131n Trajedisi\u201d adl\u0131 makalesine yer vermi\u015ftim. Hardin, bireylerin kamusal mallar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda eylemlerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnsel olarak de\u011ferlendir(e)memesi nedeniyle kamusal mallar\u0131n bir trajediye mahkum oldu\u011funu belirtir. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyet buna benzer s\u00f6ylemlerle me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Hatay\u0131 da tam burada, \u201cmaddi bir nesnenin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile enformasyonun kullan\u0131m\u0131 tamamen farkl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d diyerek yapt\u0131m. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6ylece, ortakla\u015fa m\u00fclkiyetin sadece sanal d\u00fcnyaya ait bir olgu olabilece\u011fini \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 olarak kabul etmi\u015f oluyordum. Oysa bir\u00e7ok yaz\u0131da tam tersini s\u00f6ylemek i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kullan\u0131yordum.<\/p>\n<p>Bili\u015fimsel, fiziksel varl\u0131\u011fa sahip olmayan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00fclt\u00fcr hareketinin s\u00f6zc\u00fclerinin fikri m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin temelini olu\u015fturur ve bili\u015fimin ayr\u0131ks\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (information exceptionalism) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bili\u015fimin ayr\u0131ks\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, maddi olan ile olmayan aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131ma dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>EFF&#8217;nin (Electronic Frontier Foundation) kurucular\u0131ndan John Barlow&#8217;un sanal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirgesi ABD&#8217;nin 1996&#8217;daki Telekom Kanunu&#8217;na kar\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve sanal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ayr\u0131ks\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131ndad\u0131r (bkz. <a title=\"https:\/\/projects.eff.org\/~barlow\/Declaration-Final.html\" href=\"https:\/\/projects.eff.org\/~barlow\/Declaration-Final.html\">https:\/\/projects.eff.org\/~barlow\/Declaration-Final.html<\/a>). Barlow&#8217;a (1994) g\u00f6re sanal d\u00fcnya ak\u0131\u015flarla tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Maddi\/fiziksel d\u00fcnya isimlerden olu\u015furken, sanal d\u00fcnya eylem \u00fczerine kuruludur. Dans\u00e7\u0131 de\u011fil, dans\u0131n kendisidir.<\/p>\n<p>Barlow&#8217;un bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kodlu yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00fclt\u00fcr aktivistleri aras\u0131nda da son derece pop\u00fclerdir. Ademi merkeziyet\u00e7i, kaynaklar\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ve i\u015fbirli\u011fine dayal\u0131 pratikler, bilginin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fine dair bir bilin\u00e7 de olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n<p>Bilginin a\u011flarda \u00f6zg\u00fcr ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 savunanlar\u0131n temel tezi sanal d\u00fcnyada, maddi d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi bir k\u0131tl\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, herhangi bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n bir maliyetle \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131labildi\u011fidir. Bunun kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131n\u0131, fikri m\u00fclkiyeti, savunanlara g\u00f6re ise kopyalaman\u0131n marjinal maliyeti s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n olsa da ilk yarat\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin maliyeti y\u00fcksektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yarat\u0131c\u0131 yetenekler konusunda bir k\u0131tl\u0131k vard\u0131r ve bir te\u015fvik olmadan bir fikir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yarat\u0131lamaz. Telif haklar\u0131 (copyright) ve patentler bu k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in gereklidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00fclt\u00fcr hareketleri, telif haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve patentleri m\u00fclkiyet ba\u011flam\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r. Onlara g\u00f6re telif haklar\u0131 (ya da patentler) bir m\u00fclkiyet sorunu olmay\u0131p devlet, hak sahipleri ve vatanda\u015flar aras\u0131nda bir politika sorunudur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131 akla gelen ilk ele\u015ftiri, m\u00fclkiyetin de bir politika oldu\u011fudur. M\u00fclkiyet sorunsal\u0131 \u0131srarla reddedilir ya da g\u00f6rmezden gelinir. Fikri m\u00fclkiyet kapsam\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken konular \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, insan haklar\u0131, d\u00fczenleme, politika \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferledirilir. Bu hareketlerin s\u00f6zc\u00fclerinin yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda politikan\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fi sorusuna yan\u0131t aramak bo\u015funad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fclkiyet yerine politika kavram\u0131n\u0131n tercih edilmesi detayl\u0131 bir analize dayanmaz; tamamen stratejik bir karard\u0131r. Do\u011fal bir hak olarak kabul edilen \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin Amerikan toplumundaki yeri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu strateji daha rahat anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Stallman, patentleri m\u00fclkiyet \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tart\u0131\u015fmaya kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda patentlere ger\u00e7ekte kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar\u0131n bile \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda kalabilece\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n<p>Stallman bu a\u00e7\u0131dan hakl\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak sanal d\u00fcnya olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan olgunun son derece maddi temelleri vard\u0131r. PC&#8217;ler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmasayd\u0131 ve bilgisayar fiyatlar\u0131 ucuzlamasayd\u0131, a\u011f sadece \u00fcniversite ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma laboratuvarlar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalsayd\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc gibi bir sanal d\u00fcnya olu\u015famayacakt\u0131. Ya da bug\u00fcn internet altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eden g\u00fc\u00e7ler olduk\u00e7a bilginin \u00f6zg\u00fcr ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 da tehlike alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131n fiziksel alt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayanlar bilginin \u00f6zg\u00fcr ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek g\u00fcce de sahiptirler. Fiziksel ve sanal diye iki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fcnya yoktur. Sadece \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet \u00e7itlerinin hen\u00fcz belirmedi\u011fi bir zamanlar\u0131n sanal d\u00fcnyas\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00fclkiyeti tart\u0131\u015fmaya Hardin&#8217;in trajedisinden ba\u015flayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n<p>Ortakla\u015fa mallar\u0131n bir trajediyle sonu\u00e7lanaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen Hardin ne kadar hakl\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n<p>Benkler (2006) ortakla\u015fa kaynaklar\u0131 iki parametre ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Birincisi, bu kaynaklara kimin eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fudur. \u0130kincisi ise eri\u015fimin nas\u0131l d\u00fczenlendi\u011fidir. Bu analiz sonucunda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi d\u00f6rt b\u00f6lgeden olu\u015fan bir matris olu\u015fur:<\/p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"><!--\nTD P { margin-bottom: 0cm; }P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; }A:link {  }\n--><\/style>\n<table width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"85*\" \/>\n<col width=\"85*\" \/>\n<col width=\"85*\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"33%\"><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c0c0c0\" width=\"33%\">D\u00fczenlenmi\u015f<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c0c0c0\" width=\"33%\">D\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#c0c0c0\" width=\"33%\">Herkese A\u00e7\u0131k<\/td>\n<td width=\"33%\">D\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ortak kaynaklar<\/td>\n<td width=\"33%\">A\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fimli ortak kaynaklar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#c0c0c0\" width=\"33%\">Belirli Bir Gruba A\u00e7\u0131k<\/td>\n<td width=\"33%\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ortak m\u00fclkiyet rejimleri<\/td>\n<td width=\"33%\"><b>?<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Hardin&#8217;in otlak \u00f6rne\u011fini bu matrise yerle\u015ftirecek olsak ku\u015fkusuz a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fimli ortak kaynaklar hanesine yerle\u015ftirmemiz gerekir. Ama ger\u00e7ek hayatta ortak kullan\u0131lan kaynaklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131, kaynaklar\u0131 kullanan topluluklar\u0131n normlar\u0131na ve belirledikleri protokollere, m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerine, g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu nedenle, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m projelerinde g\u00f6zlemlenebilece\u011fi gibi, otla\u011f\u0131n ortak kullan\u0131m\u0131 da bir trajediyle sonlanmay\u0131p topra\u011f\u0131n daha verimli kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flayabilir.<br \/>\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok insan m\u00fclkiyeti \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla alg\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. M\u00fclkiyeti tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, hangi kaynaklara kimlerin eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu, eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na sahip olanlar\u0131n bu haklar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131, bu kaynaklardan elde edilen zenginli\u011fin kime ait oldu\u011fu, kaynaklar\u0131n al\u0131m\u0131, sat\u0131m\u0131, haklar\u0131n ba\u015fkalar\u0131na devri, kaynaklar\u0131n gelece\u011fi \u00fczerine kimlerin karar verdi\u011fi, karar\u0131n hangi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin sonunda olu\u015ftu\u011fu ve hangi de\u011ferlere referansla al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 vb sorular\u0131 sormam\u0131z gerekiyor.<br \/>\nPedersen&#8217;e (2010) g\u00f6re m\u00fclkiyetten s\u00f6z ederken \u201cA, B&#8217;ye sahiptir\u201d form\u00fcl\u00fc yeterli de\u011fildir. Bu form\u00fcle C&#8217;yi de katarak, form\u00fcl\u00fc \u201cA, C&#8217;ye kar\u015f\u0131 B&#8217;ye sahiptir.\u201d haline getirmemiz gerekir. Buna g\u00f6re m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisinin \u00fc\u00e7 temel \u00f6gesi vard\u0131r: ili\u015fki kuran \u00f6zne, ili\u015fki kurulan kaynak ya da nesne, ili\u015fkisel \u015fekil.<br \/>\n\u0130li\u015fki kuran \u00f6zne yaln\u0131zca m\u00fclk sahibi ki\u015fi ya da grup olan A de\u011fil, A+C&#8217;dir. A+C, ulus devlet b\u00fcnyesindeki bir insan toplulu\u011fu, kabile toplulu\u011fu, bir toplumsal hareket ya da t\u00fcm insanl\u0131k olabilir. A+C sabit de\u011fildir, birbirleriyle ve B ile etkile\u015fimleri s\u00fcrecinde kendilerini yeniden \u00fcretirler.<br \/>\nB, ili\u015fki kurulan nesne, kaynak ya da kaynaklar k\u00fcmesidir. B, fiziksel bir varl\u0131\u011fa sahip olabilir ya da olmayabilir. Ama her zaman insanlar i\u00e7in bir anlam ve de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u0130li\u015fkisel \u015fekil ise A+C&#8217;nin B&#8217;ye g\u00f6re olan i\u00e7sel ili\u015fkilerini ifade eder. \u0130li\u015fkisel \u015fekil, bu ili\u015fkileri belirleyen protokoller ve normlard\u0131r. M\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin analizinde<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bireylerin ya da gruplar\u0131n birbirleriyle ve m\u00fclk konusu kaynakla (ya da nesneyle) ili\u015fkisi<\/li>\n<li>Sahip olman\u0131n bi\u00e7imi ve sahip olunan kaynaktan nas\u0131l fayda sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Bireylerin ve gruplar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen hak, g\u00f6rev ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131k \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00fc\u00e7 sorunun sorulmas\u0131 gerekmektedir:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Nas\u0131l<\/strong> : M\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri nas\u0131l, hangi de\u011ferlere g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir?<\/li>\n<li><strong> Kim<\/strong> : M\u00fclk konusu kaynak\/nesne \u00fczerinde karar verici kimdir?<\/li>\n<li><strong> Ne<\/strong> : M\u00fclk konusu nesne\/kaynak ile ne yap\u0131labilir?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Nas\u0131l sorusunda \u00f6ncelikle tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan m\u00fclkiyetin hangi de\u011fer ve normlar (\u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar, toplumsal \u00e7\u0131karlar, s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7\u0131karlar, grupsal \u00e7\u0131karlar vb.) ile me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu de\u011fer ve normlar, birbirlerinden kesin \u00e7izgilerle ayr\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi sabit de\u011fildir, tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n<p>Bir nesnenin\/kayna\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131 ile onu kontrol hakk\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u00f6znede olmak zorunda de\u011fildir. Bir park herkesin ziyaretine a\u00e7\u0131k olabilir. Ama park i\u00e7inde hangi d\u00fczenlemelerin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na karar verenler ba\u015fkalar\u0131 olabilir. Bu ba\u011flamda, karar verenin kim oldu\u011fu \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r. Karar verenin kararlar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru olabilmesi i\u00e7in kararlar\u0131 \u00f6nceki paragrafta belirtilen de\u011ferlerle uyumlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Karar vericiler, m\u00fclkiyet nesnesi \u00fczerindeki eylemin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur ya da onu k\u0131s\u0131tlar, di\u011fer insanlar\u0131n ne yapabilece\u011fine karar verirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin karar verici bo\u015f bir araziyi park haline getirebilece\u011fi gibi buraya AVM yapmak da isteyebilir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/genel_mulkiyet.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-339\" alt=\"genel_mulkiyet\" src=\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/genel_mulkiyet-300x209.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/genel_mulkiyet-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/genel_mulkiyet.png 335w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bir m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisini analiz ederken, \u201cA, C&#8217;ye kar\u015f\u0131 B&#8217;ye sahiptir\u201d form\u00fcl\u00fcnden yola \u00e7\u0131karak nas\u0131l, kim, ne sorular\u0131 ile m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisinin hangi norm ve de\u011ferlerle me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na, bu de\u011ferlere g\u00f6re karar verenlerin kimli\u011fine ve m\u00fclkiyet kapsam\u0131nda yer alan eylemlerin neler oldu\u011funa yan\u0131t vermemiz gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi bu soyut ili\u015fkiyi s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyette, kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyette ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mda ge\u00e7erli olan m\u00fclkiyette somutlayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyet<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/ozel_mulkiyet.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-340\" alt=\"ozel_mulkiyet\" src=\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/ozel_mulkiyet-300x242.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/ozel_mulkiyet-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/ozel_mulkiyet.png 452w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kullan\u0131m ve eri\u015fim haklar\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisinin temelidir. M\u00fclk sahibi, bah\u00e7esindeki elma a\u011fac\u0131ndaki elmalar\u0131n hepsini kendine ay\u0131rabilir, kom\u015fular\u0131yla payla\u015fabilir ya da a\u011fa\u00e7ta kurumaya terk edebilir. Yukar\u0131daki \u015fekildeki e\u015fkenar d\u00f6rtgen, m\u00fclk sahibinin sahip oldu\u011fu kaynak \u00fczerinde karar verme hakk\u0131na da sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karar ve kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131na ayn\u0131 anda sahip olan m\u00fclk sahibi baz\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131na istedikleri zaman bah\u00e7esindeki elmalar\u0131 yiyebileceklerini s\u00f6ylerken de bah\u00e7esindeki a\u011fac\u0131 keserken de m\u00fclk nesnesi \u00fczerindeki karar verme hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Nesneyi\/kayna\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131rken ya da onun hakk\u0131nda karar verirken, bunu ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yapar. Kaynak \u00fczerindeki karar hakk\u0131, ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131karlar toplumca me\u015fru g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in me\u015frudur.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130zinsiz girme kurallar\u0131, m\u00fclk sahibinin alan\u0131na izinsiz giri\u015fleri s\u0131n\u0131rlayan normlar ve yasal s\u0131n\u0131rlamalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Kapitalist \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyet<\/h2>\n<p>Kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin hafif\u00e7e de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f halidir. Burada m\u00fclk sahibi m\u00fclk\u00fc \u00fczerinde karar verme hakk\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda m\u00fclk nesnesi ve ondan elde ettikleri \u00fczerinde de\u011fi\u015fim hakk\u0131na da sahiptir. M\u00fclk\u00fcn pazardaki de\u011fi\u015fim de\u011feri m\u00fclk sahibine kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 bu y\u00f6nde kullanma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir motivasyonda sa\u011flar. Servet etkileri, yani m\u00fclk konusu nesne ya da kaynaklar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecine girmesi, metala\u015fman\u0131n, pazar i\u00e7in \u00fcretimin de temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n<p>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u201cKullan\u0131m ve eri\u015fim hakk\u0131\u201d, \u201cKarar hakk\u0131\u201d ve \u201cServet etkileri\u201d bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak, ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131karlarla hareket eden ve yine bu \u00e7\u0131karlar do\u011frultusunda me\u015fru g\u00f6r\u00fclen kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti olu\u015fturur. Pedersen&#8217;in (2010) vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bu ili\u015fkisel yap\u0131da herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda b\u00fcy\u00fck alt\u00fcst olu\u015flar ya\u015fanacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin sadece gayrimenkulde, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131rmaks\u0131z\u0131n, servet etkilerini (de\u011fi\u015fim hakk\u0131) yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Herkes kendi evinin sahibi olacak ama onu satamayacakt\u0131r. Ya da de\u011fi\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmayal\u0131m, farkl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirelim: Her ailenin bir evi olacak, sat\u0131n al\u0131nan bir be\u015f y\u0131l boyunca tekrar sat\u0131lamayacak diye bir yasa \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n.<\/p>\n<p>Bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcme ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce isterseniz birka\u00e7 saniye yukar\u0131da ufak de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin toplumsal ili\u015fkilerde yarataca\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi (alt\u00fcst olu\u015fu demek belki daha do\u011fru) hayal edelim!<\/p>\n<h2>\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131mda M\u00fclkiyet<\/h2>\n<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcr olmayan yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlarken, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak koda kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 savunanlar aras\u0131nda bile, \u201ckapal\u0131 kodlu yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 tercih edenler vard\u0131r. Ancak kaynak koduna eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir hakt\u0131r. Kaynak koduna eri\u015fim ve onu inceleme hakk\u0131m\u0131z olabilir. Ama bu yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr yapmaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kaynak kodlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ama kaynak kodu a\u00e7\u0131k olan her yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir Microsoft yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlarken \u201ckapal\u0131 kodlu yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u201d yerine \u201c\u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n tercih edilmesinin daha do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n<p>Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecindeki t\u00fcm \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ra\u011fmen yaz\u0131l\u0131m, m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Herhangi bir \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m, yukar\u0131da belirtilen kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisi ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kullan\u0131m, eri\u015fim ve de\u011fi\u015fim haklar\u0131 belirli bir \u015firkettedir. \u015eirket do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 en fazlala\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyecektir. Karar hakk\u0131 tamamen \u015firkete aittir. \u015eirket, bu yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 belirli \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda ba\u015fkalar\u0131na sat\u0131p bundan gelir elde edecektir. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lara satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131m lisanslar\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kullan\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlayabilir. Ticari ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ma izin vermeyip bunun i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 bir lisans\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca \u015firket, kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ip ba\u015fka \u015feylerden (\u00f6rne\u011fin ki\u015fisel bilgiler ve reklamlar) gelir elde etmek i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fccretsiz olarak da\u011f\u0131tabilir. Hatta maddi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kaynak kodlar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir kesimin incelemesi i\u00e7in a\u00e7abilir. Ancak her iki durumda da yaz\u0131l\u0131mdaki karar hakk\u0131 sadece \u015firkete aittir.<\/p>\n<p>Yaz\u0131l\u0131mda \u015firketin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetini ihlal giri\u015fimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 ise telif hakk\u0131 (copyright) kanunlar\u0131 devreye girer. \u015eirketin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalarla koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu anla\u015fmalar, telif hakk\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresi, hangi durumlardaki \u015firketin \u00f6zel m\u00fclk\u00fcne eri\u015fimin su\u00e7 kabul edilmeyece\u011fi gibi kurallar\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m ise kaynaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k, herkes g\u00f6rebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in de\u011fil, m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/ozgur_mulkiyet.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-341\" alt=\"ozgur_mulkiyet\" src=\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/ozgur_mulkiyet-300x253.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/ozgur_mulkiyet-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/ozgur_mulkiyet.png 433w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mda temel de\u011fer \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mda oldu\u011fu gibi ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131karlar de\u011fil, dayan\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Stallman an\u0131lar\u0131nda 1971&#8217;de MIT Yapay Zeka Laboratuvar\u0131&#8217;nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnleri anlat\u0131rken programc\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki dayan\u0131\u015fmadan, o zamanlar hen\u00fcz yaz\u0131l\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcr s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 kullanmasalar da yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 nas\u0131l payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan, arkada\u015flar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcp be\u011fendikleri bir kodu nas\u0131l keyiflerince incelediklerinden s\u00f6z eder. \u00d6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m lisanslar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 en ba\u015fta bu de\u011ferlere bir sald\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Stallman yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131m lisanslar\u0131n\u0131n insanlara payla\u015f\u0131m konusunda iki se\u00e7enek sundu\u011fundan s\u00f6z eder: ya yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 payla\u015farak yasalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda su\u00e7lu duruma d\u00fc\u015feceksiniz ya da payla\u015fmay\u0131 reddederek arkada\u015fl\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinize zarar vereceksiniz. Stallman, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 eski g\u00fcnlere d\u00f6nmek istemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mda, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kullan\u0131m haklar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir grubun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilecek herhangi bir ki\u015fi ya da kurulu\u015f yoktur. Bu, telif haklar\u0131n\u0131 (copyright) kullan\u0131p onu copyleft ile olanaks\u0131z hale getirerek elde edilir. Geli\u015ftirilen herhangi bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m yasalar gere\u011fi telif haklar\u0131 ile korunur. Ama \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m, copyleft ile bu hakk\u0131 tersine \u00e7evirir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015ftiren \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cTelif haklar\u0131 gere\u011fince yaz\u0131l\u0131mda karar hakk\u0131 benimdir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kendisini de kaynak kodunu da diledi\u011finiz gibi kullanabilirsiniz. Ama yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6tesinde satmak, pazarda de\u011fi\u015fime sokmak isterseniz benim kurallar\u0131ma uyacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kaynak kodunun sonraki yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar i\u00e7in potansiyel bir \u00fcretim arac\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak de\u011fi\u015fime s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilir:\u201cYaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kaynak kodlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir, ona eklemeler yap\u0131p geli\u015ftirebilirsin. Bu geli\u015ftirdi\u011fin yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da \u00fccretsiz payla\u015fabilirsin. Ama bir \u015fart\u0131m var: Sana verdi\u011fim haklar\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fin yaz\u0131l\u0131mda ba\u015fkalar\u0131na da vereceksin. \u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m projelerindeki teknik kararlar ile m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndaki kararlar tamamen farkl\u0131 konulard\u0131r. Teknik kararlarda farkl\u0131 mekanizmalar s\u00f6z konusu olabilir, ama \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mda m\u00fclkiyet kararlar\u0131 copyleft do\u011frultusunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Teknik kararlar\u0131 be\u011fenmeyen birinin ayn\u0131 kaynak kodunu al\u0131p farkl\u0131 bir teknik kararla yeni proje ba\u015flatma hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6ylece \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar kartopu gibi b\u00fcy\u00fcrken insanlar \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullan\u0131rlar, yetenekleri kadar katk\u0131da bulunurlar. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n dayan\u0131\u015fma ve payla\u015f\u0131m de\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re geli\u015fir, bu de\u011ferlere paralel toplumsal ili\u015fkiler yarat\u0131r. Bu ili\u015fkilerin i\u00e7inde yer alan toplulu\u011fun \u00fcyeleri bilin\u00e7lidir ve \u00fcretim arac\u0131na sahip olman\u0131n (kendileri bu \u015fekilde ifade etmese de&#8230;) \u00f6neminin fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m toplulu\u011funun bu sorumluluk ve bilinci Hardin&#8217;in trajedisinin ya\u015fanmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n garantisidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n kurallar\u0131, telif haklar\u0131 (copyright) \u00fczerine kurulu olan GPL (Genel Kamu Lisans\u0131) ile sa\u011flan\u0131r. Telif haklar\u0131 ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece GPL de ge\u00e7erlidir, mahkemelerce tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu ba\u011flamda, \u0130sve\u00e7 Korsan Partisi ile \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m Vakf\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki telif haklar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 ve de \u00f6\u011freticidir. \u0130sve\u00e7 Korsan Partisi, se\u00e7imlerde %7.1 oy olarak \u0130sve\u00e7&#8217;i Avrupa Parlamentosu&#8217;nda 18 ki\u015fiyle temsil etme hakk\u0131 kazand\u0131ktan sonra telif haklar\u0131nda bir reform \u00f6nerir. Korsan partisinin \u00f6nerisine g\u00f6re telif hakl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma be\u015f y\u0131l sonra kamu mal\u0131 haline gelecektir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hareketi bu \u00f6neriye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc be\u015f y\u0131l sonra bir \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m kaynak kodlar\u0131yla beraber telif hakk\u0131ndan muaf oldu\u011funda \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiren firmalarca \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n birikmi\u015f eme\u011fine el konulup, \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline getirilebilecektir. Fakat \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hareketi, \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar kaynak koduyla beraber da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 f\u0131rsattan hi\u00e7bir zaman yararlanamayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kanunlar\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131mdaki kamusal m\u00fclkiyetin g\u00fcvencesi haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m tamamen ortadan kalkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece telif haklar\u0131ndaki herhangi bir gev\u015feme \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma zarar verebilir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, bir politika olarak de\u011fil de m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri ba\u011flam\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma nas\u0131l bir etkisi olabilir? \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hareketi kendini nas\u0131l ifade ederse etsin, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ister politika isterse m\u00fclkiyet olarak g\u00f6rs\u00fcn, son derece ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yaz\u0131l\u0131mda \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kamusal m\u00fclkiyetini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyeti tart\u0131\u015fmak, \u00f6zellikle Amerikan kamuoyunda yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmalara neden olabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00fclt\u00fcr yaz\u0131n\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bir yanda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetle ili\u015fkili Amerikan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ideallerini di\u011fer yanda hi\u00e7 g\u00fczel \u015feyler \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmayan, m\u00fclkiyetin ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin devletin kontrol\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu kom\u00fcnizmi g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bunun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Amerikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in pek kolay de\u011fildir. Fakat telif haklar\u0131 ve patentler, sanal d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in her zaman bir tehdit olacakt\u0131r. Bu tehdidin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc maddi d\u00fcnyadaki kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunursak kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flataca\u011f\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma daha rahat bir ya\u015fam alan\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Ama Pedersen&#8217;in (2010) belirtti\u011fi gibi as\u0131l di\u011fer toplumsal hareketlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mdan \u00f6\u011frenece\u011fi \u00e7ok \u015fey var. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, m\u00fclkiyet kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m ba\u011flam\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin tek m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatabilmek, farkl\u0131 giri\u015fimlere cesaret edebilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yararl\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"><!--\nP { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; }A:link {  }\n--><\/style>\n<p><b>Kaynaklar<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Barlow, J. P. (1994). The economy of ideas. Wired, 2(3), 84-88.<\/p>\n<p>Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. Yale University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Pedersen, J. (2010). Introduction: Property, Commoning and the Politics of Free Software. The Commoner, (14), 8-48.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bilim ve Gelecek&#8217;teki ilk yaz\u0131m \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00fczerineydi. Sonraki yaz\u0131larda da do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Kimi zaman ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ilgisiz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,3,21,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-336","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fikri-mulkiyet","category-ozgur_yazilim","category-patent","category-telif"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/336","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=336"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/336\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":338,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/336\/revisions\/338"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=336"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=336"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=336"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}