{"id":386,"date":"2015-05-10T01:13:28","date_gmt":"2015-05-09T22:13:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=386"},"modified":"2015-05-10T01:13:28","modified_gmt":"2015-05-09T22:13:28","slug":"bilisim-dunyasinin-karanlik-yuzu-uluslararasi-dijital-isbolumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=386","title":{"rendered":"Bili\u015fim D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Karanl\u0131k Y\u00fcz\u00fc: Uluslararas\u0131 Dijital \u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Brecht&#8217;in okuyan i\u015f\u00e7isi sorar:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><i>Yedi kap\u0131l\u0131 Thebai \u015fehrini kuran kim?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><i>Kitaplar yaln\u0131z, krallar\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yor,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><i>yoksa krallar m\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 kayalar\u0131?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Ama biz sormay\u0131z. Bilgisayarlar\u0131m\u0131z, yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z, ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar\u0131m\u0131z, tabletlerimiz&#8230; Her g\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kimler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretildi\u011fini bilmeyiz. Daha k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc bilmedi\u011fimizi de bilmeyiz. S\u00f6zkonusu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kimler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretildi\u011fi soruldu\u011funda akl\u0131m\u0131za sadece markalar\u0131 gelir: HP, Apple, Samsung, LG, IBM, Acer, Asus, Dell, Sony vs. Haks\u0131zl\u0131k yapmayal\u0131m, Apple yerine Steve Jobs diyenlerimiz de vard\u0131r. Sol yan\u0131m\u0131z bast\u0131r\u0131r, biraz daha insafl\u0131 davran\u0131rsak ezberimizi konu\u015fturur HP <i>\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131<\/i>, Apple <i>\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131<\/i>, Samsung <i>\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131<\/i> deriz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00dcr\u00fcnlere marka kimli\u011fini veren ve onlar\u0131 son kullan\u0131c\u0131ya sunan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler, buz da\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnen k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bili\u015fim teknolojilerini olu\u015fturan CPU, RAM, kasa, pil, kablo, ekran, klavye, pil, disk gibi bile\u015fenlerin \u00fcretimi karma\u015f\u0131k emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri \u00fczerine kuruludur. Minerallerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, donan\u0131m imalat\u0131 ve montaj\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme ve sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 destek farkl\u0131, birbirini tamamlayan emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine gereksinim duyar. Christian Fuchs, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ay Notabene Yay\u0131nlar\u0131&#8217;ndan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisi yay\u0131mlanacak olan <i>Dijital Emek ve Karl Marx <\/i>(Digital Labour and Karl Marx) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rneklerle bu emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini inceliyor ve bili\u015fim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n pek bilinmeyen karanl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">G\u00f6rmek ve bakmak farkl\u0131 \u015feylerdir. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Hayata egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n g\u00f6zl\u00fckleriyle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ger\u00e7ekte var olan\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya da eksik g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin <i>tedarik zinciri<\/i> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 buna g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnektir. Fuchs&#8217;un da alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi gibi tedarik zinciri son y\u0131llar\u0131n pop\u00fcler terimlerinden biridir. Terim, bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tasar\u0131m, \u00fcretim, pazarlama, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve destek a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Bili\u015fim teknolojilerindeki tedarik zinciri ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki halkalar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">temin etme<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">donan\u0131m, \u00e7evre birimi, yaz\u0131l\u0131m, i\u015fletim sistemi imalat\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">sat\u0131\u015f<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 destek<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Fuchs, tedarik zincirinin temel sorununun meta \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine odaklan\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini g\u00f6zard\u0131 etmesi oldu\u011funu belirtir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tedarik zincirinin yerine UD\u0130 (Uluslararas\u0131 Dijital \u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerir. UD\u0130, s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerine ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurguyla daha a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. UD\u0130, tedarik zinciri yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n aksine zincirin olu\u015fumunu \u00fcretimin ulus\u00f6tesi yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ve \u015firketlerin \u00fcretimi emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ucuz oldu\u011fu yerlere kayd\u0131rmas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirir; buralardaki s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Tedarik zincirinden sonra Fuchs&#8217;un di\u011fer ele\u015ftirisi ise toplumlar\u0131n tarihsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin \u00e7izgisel olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131nad\u0131r. Tarihsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecini, birbirini takip eden d\u00f6nemlere ay\u0131ran yakla\u015f\u0131mlara g\u00f6re insanl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131yla ataerkil, k\u00f6leci ve feodal d\u00f6nemlerden ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir; kom\u00fcnizm ise i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz kapitalist d\u00f6nemi takip edecektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bir \u00fcretim tarz\u0131ndan di\u011ferine ge\u00e7i\u015fler vard\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na yaln\u0131z solda de\u011fil, liberallerin bili\u015fim toplumu kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda da rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k, s\u0131ras\u0131yla tar\u0131m toplumunu ve sanayi toplumunu ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eimdi de enformasyon toplumunday\u0131z\u201d denilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Fuchs, tarihsel d\u00f6nemler aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015flerin \u00e7izgisel de\u011fil diyalektik oldu\u011funu, her yeni d\u00f6nemin \u00f6ncekini i\u00e7erdi\u011fini savunur. Yeni bir d\u00f6nem, \u00f6ncekinin yerini al\u0131rken onu tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Hegelci mant\u0131k \u00e7evresinde, ilk ba\u015fta ekonominin yeni nitelikleri belirmekte, \u00f6nceki \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyeti kaybolmakta ama eski, yeni \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde spesifik ve yeni tarzla ili\u015fkili bir bi\u00e7imde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kapitalizm ataerkilli\u011fe son vermemi\u015f, ataerkillik emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretimindeki rol\u00fcyle kapitalizm i\u00e7inde de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Fuchs, UD\u0130&#8217;nin kapitalizmle iki yoldan eklemlendi\u011fini belirtmektedir. Birincisi, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler d\u00fczeyinde, farkl\u0131 emek t\u00fcrleri (tar\u0131msal, end\u00fcstriyel, enformasyonel, \u00fccretli, \u00fccreti \u00f6denmeyen) k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde bir araya getirilmektedir. \u0130kincisi, kar\u0131 \u00fccretleri k\u0131sarak art\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in, \u00fcretimin belirli ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvencesizle\u015ftirildi\u011fi yerlere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yerlerdeki kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri, kapitalizm \u00f6ncesi \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ile bir arada bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Fuchs, bizi UD\u0130&#8217;de bir gezintiye \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u0130lk dura\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, E\u0130T (Enformasyon ve \u0130leti\u015fim Teknolojileri) \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in gerekli olan minerallerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Afrika&#8217;d\u0131r. Telefonlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n o parlak ekranlar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli mineraller s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u015fiddetin \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011fu k\u00f6lelik ko\u015fullar\u0131nda elde edilmektedir. Burada k\u00f6lelik mecazen de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Daha sonra, ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar\u0131n \u00fcretildi\u011fi Foxconn&#8217;a gidece\u011fiz. Bir\u00e7ok \u015firket, \u00fcretimini emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ucuz ve g\u00fcvencesiz oldu\u011fu yerlere kayd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Yeni \u00e7\u0131kan iPhone&#8217;lara bir an \u00f6nce kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in ma\u011fazalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde kuyru\u011fa girenlerin haberlerini okuruz. Ama o telefonlar\u0131 sat\u0131\u015fa yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in geceli g\u00fcnd\u00fczl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7ilere dair haberlere pek rastlanmaz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Yaln\u0131z T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de de\u011fil, d\u00fcnyada da yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirenlerin \u00fccretleri bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan daha y\u00fcksektir. Hindistan i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 durum s\u00f6z konusudur; yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisleri daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler almaktad\u0131r. Fakat di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki meslekta\u015flar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fccretleri \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu nedenle, yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki baz\u0131 i\u015fler Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara yapt\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Silikon Vadisi, bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezi konumundad\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok yenilik Silikon Vadisi&#8217;nden d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Silikon Vadisi denilince de ilk akla gelen beyaz yakal\u0131 m\u00fchendisler olmaktad\u0131r. S\u0131k s\u0131k Google&#8217;\u0131n \u201cr\u00fcya gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131\u201d hakk\u0131nda haberler \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sabah.com.tr\/ekonomi\/2010\/12\/18\/google_boyle_calisiyor\">http:\/\/www.sabah.com.tr\/ekonomi\/2010\/12\/18\/google_boyle_calisiyor<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fortuneturkey.com\/fotograf\/2015te-calisilacak-en-iyi-20-sirket-5725\">http:\/\/www.fortuneturkey.com\/fotograf\/2015te-calisilacak-en-iyi-20-sirket-5725<\/a>). Fuchs, \u201cdijital emek aristokrasisinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Google m\u00fchendisleri&#8217;nin r\u00fcya gibi <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">ko\u015fulla<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">r\u0131n\u0131n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresini <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">(dolay\u0131s\u0131yla art\u0131 de\u011feri) <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">art\u0131rman\u0131n bir yolu oldu\u011funu <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">belirtmektedir<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">. Ayr\u0131ca Silikon Vadisi \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 d\u00fcnyalar i\u00e7ermektedir. Burada son derece sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7iler ve ailecek par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131 i\u015f yapan g\u00f6\u00e7menler de vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Son olarak da \u015firket i\u00e7i g\u00f6zetimin ve g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fin \u00fcst seviyelerde oldu\u011fu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 incelenecek<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote1sym\" name=\"sdendnote1anc\"><sup>i<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">Bili\u015fim Teknolojileri \u0130\u00e7in Gerekli Madenler<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">2012 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda G\u00fcney Afrika&#8217;daki Marikama platin madenindeki i\u015f\u00e7iler, daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccret talebiyle greve gider. Polis, 34 madenciyi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr, \u00e7ok say\u0131da madenciyi yaralar. BBC, The Guardian, The NewYork Times gibi yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda yer alan haberlerde polis \u015fiddetine odaklan\u0131l\u0131r. Ama greve konu olan madenin, platinin, E\u0130T ile ilgili oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilir. Platin, hard disklerin \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli bir madendir; hard disk ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n %35&#8217;ini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">E\u0130T \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in gerekli madenlerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Afrika&#8217;n\u0131n madenler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden zengin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir:<\/span><\/p>\n<table width=\"620\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"152\" \/>\n<col width=\"114\" \/>\n<col width=\"215\" \/>\n<col width=\"105\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\" height=\"33\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><b>Maden<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><b>\u00dcretici \u00dclke<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><b>BT end\u00fcstrisinde kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><b>En b\u00fcy\u00fck ithalat\u00e7\u0131<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Berilyum<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">ABD, Mozambik, \u00c7in<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Bilgisayarlar, cep telefonlar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Rusya, Kazakistan, Japonya, Kenya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Kobalt <\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti (DKC), Avustralya, Rusya, Yeni Kaledonya, Zambiya, Kanada<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlardaki bateriler, cep telefonlar\u0131, mp3 \u00e7alarlar, dijital kameralar, hard disk kaplama, kulakl\u0131k<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7in, Norve\u00e7, Rusya, Kanada<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Galyum<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7in, Japonya, Almanya, Ukrayna<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Mobil telefonlar<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Almanya, Kanada, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, \u00c7in<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u0130ndiyum <\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7in, Kore Cumhuriyeti, Japonya, Kanada, Bel\u00e7ika, Brezilya<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlar, d\u00fcz ekranlar, cep telefonlar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7in, Kanada, Japonya, Bel\u00e7ika<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Paladyum<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Rusya, G\u00fcney Afrika, Kanada, ABD, Zimbabve<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Mobil telefonlar, kapasit\u00f6rler, bilgisayarlar<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Rusya, G\u00fcney Afrika, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Norve\u00e7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Platin<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">G\u00fcney Afrika, Rusya, Kanada, Zimbabve<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Hard diskler<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Almanya, G\u00fcney Afrika, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Kanada<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Nadir element<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7in, Hindistan, Brezilya, Malezya<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Cep telefonlar\u0131, diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlar, dijital kameralar<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7in, Fransa, Estonya, Japonya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Tantal \/ Koltan<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Avustralya, Brezilya, DKC, Ruanda, Mozambik, Kanada<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Cep telefonlar\u0131, dijital kameralar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda kullan\u0131lan kapasit\u00f6rler<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Brezilya, Kanada, Almanya, Rusya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"152\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Bak\u0131r<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"114\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7in, Endonezya, Peru, Bolivya, Brezilya, DKC, Vietnam<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"215\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Bas\u0131l\u0131 devre kartlar\u0131, bilgisayarlarda kullan\u0131lan lehim, mobil telefonlar, mp3 \u00e7alarlar, oyun konsollar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Peru, Bolivya, Endonezya, \u00c7in<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Bili\u015fim teknolojilerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla beraber yukar\u0131da belirtilen madenlere y\u00f6nelik talep de artm\u0131\u015f, sermaye emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ucuz oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelere, \u00f6zellikle Afrika \u00fclkelerine, y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Ama Fuchs bu y\u00f6nelimin Afrika \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in olumlu sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Afrika \u00fclkeleri tedarik zincirinin en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck halkas\u0131d\u0131r. E\u0130T \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden elde edilen zenginlikten pay almak bir yana insanlar k\u00f6lelik ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar, \u00f6l\u00fcmle tehdit edilip madenlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlanmakta ve \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015fkencelere maruz kalmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n zorla evlendirilmesi veya fahi\u015feli\u011fe zorlanmas\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Kongolular, <i>salongo<\/i> adl\u0131 bir sistemle haftan\u0131n belirli bir g\u00fcn\u00fc Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti Ordusu&#8217;nun yetkilileri i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu angaryan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yine Kongo&#8217;da uygulanan bir di\u011fer sistem ise madencilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in kontrol\u00f6rlere ve h\u00fck\u00fcmete belirli bir miktar \u00f6deme yapmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu miktar o kadar y\u00fcksektir ki, madenciler kendilerini i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015f ili\u015fkilerinin i\u00e7inde bulmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r ve sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131r; bedenler d\u00f6rt-be\u015f y\u0131l sonra iflas etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en kanl\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan, milyonlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Hutular ve Tutsiler aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki nedenlerden biri de E\u0130T i\u00e7in gerekli olan maden kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Bug\u00fcn E\u0130T&#8217;den elde edilen zenginli\u011fin temelinde zorla ya da angarya ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan insanlar\u0131n eme\u011fi ve kan\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">Foxconn \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Rong Bo. Ma Xianqian. Li Hongliang. Tian Yu. Li Wei. Liu Zhijun. Rao Shuqin. Ning. Lu Xin. Zhu Chenming. Liang Chao. Nan Chang. Li Hai. He. Chen Lin. Liu. Liu Ming.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Yukar\u0131da isimleri belirtilen 17 Foxconn i\u015f\u00e7isi, a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle intihar etti; 13&#8217;\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u0130ntiharlara kadar Apple \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin imalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan Foxconn \u015firketinin ad\u0131 pek bilinmiyordu. T\u00fcketiciler i\u00e7in iPhone, Steve Jobs&#8217;tu! iPhone&#8217;lar\u0131n\u0131n parlak ekran\u0131ndan Foxconn i\u015f\u00e7ilerini g\u00f6rebilmeleri imkans\u0131zd\u0131. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Peki bu 17 i\u015f\u00e7iyi intihara s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen nedenler neydi? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131, Foxconn&#8217;un ve \u00c7in&#8217;in UD\u0130&#8217;deki yeriyle ili\u015fkilidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Foxconn, Tayvanl\u0131 bir \u015firkettir. \u00c7e\u015fitli elektronik cihazlar\u0131 \u00fcretmekte ve satmaktad\u0131r. 995000 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u015eirketin sahibi Terry Gou, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 184. zenginidir ve Forbes&#8217;\u0131n 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re serveti 5.5 milyar dolard\u0131r. iPad, iMac, iPhone ve Kindle&#8217;\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7e\u015fitli oyun konsollar\u0131 da imal etmektedir. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca m\u00fc\u015fterileri aras\u0131nda Apple, Dell, HP, Motorola, Nokia, Sony ve Sony Ericsson vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7in, E\u0130T sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir akt\u00f6rd\u00fcr; fakat ABD (donan\u0131m, yaz\u0131l\u0131m, yar\u0131 iletken, yaz\u0131l\u0131m hizmetleri ve telekom\u00fcnikasyon te\u00e7hizat\u0131), Tayvan (donan\u0131m) ve Japonya (t\u00fcketici elektroni\u011fi) taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen sekt\u00f6rde belirleyici bir rol\u00fc yoktur. Ancak montaj hatlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcyle do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7ekmektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u0130lkel birikim, \u00fcreticiyi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran ve sermayenin hizmetine sokan tarihsel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. \u00c7in&#8217;de bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fi ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. 2001-2005 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131 sonucunda 40 milyon k\u00f6yl\u00fc topraklar\u0131ndan kopart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u015fehirlere gitmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle son y\u0131llarda tar\u0131m, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve madencilik istihdam\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenirken imalat ve vas\u0131fs\u0131z hizmetlerde bir istihdam art\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Foxconn gibi \u015firketler k\u00f6ylerinden kopart\u0131lan ve emek g\u00fc\u00e7lerini satarak ya\u015famaya mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131lan bu i\u015f\u00e7ileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Bu \u015firketlerde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerin ve zorunlu, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6denmeyen fazla mesailerin yan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kanunlar\u0131na da uyulmamaktad\u0131r. Vardiyalar\u0131n s\u0131k s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmesi, g\u00fcnde 10 saatten fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, molalar\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi, montaj hatlar\u0131ndaki monoton i\u015fler ve kullan\u0131lan kimyasal maddelerin olumsuz etkileri intiharlar hakk\u0131nda ipucu vermektedir. Meslek lisesi \u00f6\u011frencileri okul y\u00f6netimlerinin zorlamalar\u0131yla montaj hatlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Birbirini tan\u0131mayan i\u015f\u00e7iler mesai sonras\u0131nda 6-22 ki\u015filik ko\u011fu\u015flarda kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u0130ntihar giri\u015fiminde bulunan Tian Yu adl\u0131 gen\u00e7 k\u0131z, her g\u00fcn sabah 7&#8217;den ak\u015fam 7&#8217;ye kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131ndan memnun kalmayan g\u00f6zetmenlerce azarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 zaman\u0131nda alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Sipari\u015flerin teslim zaman\u0131 yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131 daha da a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. iPhone 5 sipari\u015flerini yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in 30 g\u00fcn aral\u0131ks\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; 30 g\u00fcn boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015f, uyu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f&#8230; Taylorcu ilkelerin etkisi alt\u0131nda son derece kat\u0131 bir i\u015fyeri g\u00f6zetimi vard\u0131r. S\u00fcrekli yeni hedefler konmakta, i\u015f\u00e7iler daha fazla \u00fcretmeye zorlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Sorun Apple ya da Foxconn ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Foxconn sadece bir \u00f6rnektir. AMD, Fujitsu Siemens ve Intel i\u00e7in anakartlar\u0131n, \u00e7iplerin ve grafik kartlar\u0131n\u0131n montaj\u0131n\u0131 yapan Excelsior Electronics firmas\u0131nda da benzer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Foxconn&#8217;daki intiharlar\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan sonra denetimler de artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu denetimler sonucunda \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 ele\u015ftirel raporlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u015firketleri aklamaya y\u00f6nelik raporlar da \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adil Emek Birli\u011fi&#8217;nin (Fair Labor Association) en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, denetledi\u011fi \u015firketlerdir. Bu durum, do\u011fal olarak sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 da etkilemektedir. Raporlarda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda pembe bir tablo \u00e7izilmektedir. En ilginci de Apple&#8217;\u0131n tedarik\u00e7ileri hakk\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapordur. Apple, gururla \u201chaftada en fazla 60 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u201d hedefine %92 oran\u0131nda eri\u015fildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir. Fakat uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kanunlar\u0131nda bu s\u0131n\u0131r 48 saattir. Apple, kurals\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kural haline getirip, bundan ba\u015far\u0131 olarak s\u00f6z etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Apple, i\u015f\u00e7i intiharlar\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015fisel bir soruna indirgemektedir: Apple&#8217;a g\u00f6re i\u015f\u00e7iler, yetersiz \u00fccretler, uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri, yetersiz beslenme ve insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle de\u011fil, gen\u00e7 ve cahil olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in intihar etmi\u015flerdir; psikolog yard\u0131m\u0131yla intiharlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebilir!<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">Hintli Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, \u00c7inli montaj i\u015f\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha kalifiyedir. Ama Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc de \u00c7in&#8217;inkine benzemektedir. Hindistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, 1980&#8217;lerin ortas\u0131nda bilgisayar end\u00fcstrisindeki k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeleri kald\u0131rarak yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Pune, Madras ve Hyderabad&#8217;da yaz\u0131l\u0131m teknolojisi parklar\u0131 kuruldu. Kalifiye i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc, iyi \u0130ngilizce ve \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u015firketlerinin i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartt\u0131. Nas\u0131l ki \u00c7in, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle donan\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u015firketlerin karlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015fsa, Hindistan da yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde benzer bir rol \u00fcstlendi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, kalifiye ve iyi e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n UD\u0130 do\u011frultusunda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fler niteliklerine g\u00f6re daha basittir. Uluslararas\u0131 \u015firketler, daha \u00e7ok kritik olmayan, teknolojik olarak daha basit ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015flerde d\u0131\u015f kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmektedirler. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, beden al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi (<i>body shopping<\/i>) ad\u0131 verilen bir bi\u00e7imde ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan \u00fclkelere g\u00f6nderilmektedir. Beden al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi ajanslar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revi ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 i\u015fverenle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Vizelerin al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan konaklaman\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm i\u015fler ajanslarca halledilmektedir. Beden al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde yer alan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131, maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00fccret olarak ajansa vermektedir; ajansa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r, d\u00fczenlenen kontratlar ba\u015fka bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellenmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, i\u015fveren ve Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir ili\u015fki yoktur. Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara \u00e7o\u011funlukla monoton, g\u00f6rece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli ve Hintliler&#8217;in \u201ce\u015fek i\u015fi\u201d dedikleri basit programlama i\u015fleri yapt\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u0130kinci d\u0131\u015f kaynak kullan\u0131m metodu olan sanal g\u00f6\u00e7 (virtual migration) ise uzaktan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f(t\u0131r)ma ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Yerel bir firmada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar ABD \u015firketlerine uzaktan hizmet edebilmektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Beden al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde, yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar E\u0130T sermayesinin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu yerlere ihra\u00e7 edilmektedirler. B\u00f6ylece, sermayenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u00fcrekli hareket eden bir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc vard\u0131r. Sanal g\u00f6\u00e7te ise \u015firketlerin Hindistan&#8217;a do\u011fru geni\u015flemesi s\u00f6z konusudur. Fuchs, her iki stratejide de \u00fccretlerden k\u0131s\u0131larak karlar\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n maa\u015flar\u0131, di\u011fer Hintliler ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fcksektir. Ancak Amerikal\u0131 meslekta\u015flar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha azd\u0131r. Amerikal\u0131 \u015firketler, Amerika&#8217;da 100 dolara yapt\u0131rabilecekleri bir i\u015fi Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara 20-30 dolara yapt\u0131rabilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u015firketler, sadece ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 zaman \u00fccret verecekleri ve sosyal haklardan yoksun (sosyal g\u00fcvenlik, sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131, i\u015fsizlik sigortas\u0131) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara kavu\u015fmu\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u0130\u015f bask\u0131s\u0131, seyahatler ve teslim tarihleri i\u015f-aile dengesini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma nedeniyle \u00f6zel ya\u015famlar\u0131na vakit ay\u0131ramamaktan \u015fikayet etmektedirler. G\u00fcvencesiz ve esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, sendikala\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel y\u00f6neticilerin ve yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n (yani i\u015f\u00e7ilerin!) sendikalar\u0131n Hint kapitalizmine zarar verece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeleridir. Bat\u0131 Bengal eyaletinde, BT sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde grev yapmak yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca sendikalar, politik partilere fazlaca ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Ama en \u00f6nemlisi de Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar kendilerini i\u015f\u00e7i olarak de\u011fil, bilgi profesyonelleri olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. Bunda \u00fccretlerinin g\u00f6receli olarak y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 kadar i\u015f yerlerindeki uygulanan yumu\u015fak y\u00f6netim (soft management) tekniklerinin de rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Tak\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k, y\u00f6netimin hedeflerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarca i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilmesi, \u00f6z disiplin, kurumsal k\u00fclt\u00fcr, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel e\u011fitim programlar\u0131 vs yumu\u015fak y\u00f6netimin ana unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r. Fuchs, bunun sonucunun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda rekabet ve son derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bireyselle\u015fme oldu\u011funu vurgulamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n bir yandan kendi kendini y\u00f6netmesi beklenirken di\u011fer yandan ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yo\u011fun bir g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Hindistan&#8217;da yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 i\u015f yerine daha \u00e7ok ba\u011flama y\u00f6ntemlerinden biri de i\u015f yerlerinin daha e\u011flenceli hale getirilmesidir. Google&#8217;\u0131 \u00f6rnek alan bir \u00e7ok BT \u015firketi i\u015f yerlerini, spor salonlar\u0131, basketbol ve <i>badminton<\/i> sahalar\u0131, oyun alanlar\u0131 ve restoranlar i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde yeniden tasarlamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">Silikon Vadisi ve Google<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Silikon Vadisi, bir \u00e7ok E\u0130T firmas\u0131na ev sahipli\u011fi yapan bir b\u00f6lgedir. 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 2000 \u015firketi aras\u0131nda Silikon Vadisi&#8217;nden 21 \u015firket vard\u0131r.:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Donan\u0131m: Apple, HP <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Bilgisayar hizmeti: Google, Yahoo! <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Depolama cihazlar\u0131: SanDisk, NetApp<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u0130nternet&#8217;te perakende sat\u0131\u015f: eBay<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Yar\u0131 iletken: Intel, Applied Materials, Altera, KLA-Tencor, Nvidia, Advanced Micro Devices, Xilinx, Maxim Integrated Products, Linear Technology <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Yaz\u0131l\u0131m: Oracle, Symantec, VMWare, Adobe Systems, Intuit <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Silikon Vadisi&#8217;nin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n teknoloji merkezi haline gelmesinin temelinde ABD Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme faaliyetleri i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar vard\u0131r. Yine 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re donan\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki karlar\u0131n %84,9&#8217;u, bilgisayar hizmetlerindekinin %26,2&#8217;si, depolama cihazlar\u0131ndakinin %26,2&#8217;si, \u0130nternet&#8217;te perakende sat\u0131\u015flardan elde edilenin %68,1&#8217;i, yar\u0131 iletken teknolojisinden elde edilenin %39,4&#8217;\u00fc ve yaz\u0131l\u0131mdan end\u00fcstrisinden elde edilenin %27,1&#8217;i Silikon Vadisi \u015firketlerinindir. Silikon Vadisi i\u00e7in bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn co\u011frafi merkezidir de diyebiliriz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Silikon Vadisi denilince ilk akla gelen, iyi e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f ve alanlar\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda uzmanl\u0131klar\u0131 olan bili\u015fim profesyonelleridir. Silikon Vadisi, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyadaki en yenilik\u00e7i giri\u015fimleri b\u00fcnyesine katmaktad\u0131r. \u201cR\u00fcyalar Vadisi\u201ddir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Ancak bu k\u0131smen do\u011frudur. Ger\u00e7ekten de Vadi&#8217;nin belirli bir kesimi i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler ve daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan bahsedilebilir. Fakat Vadi&#8217;nin sakinleri aras\u0131nda sadece y\u00fcksek \u00fccretli yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisleri yoktur. Montaj hatlar\u0131nda, a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler de vard\u0131r. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra Silikon Vadisi&#8217;nde geli\u015fen en b\u00fcy\u00fck sekt\u00f6r \u0130nternet ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6rleri olmu\u015ftur. \u0130malat i\u015fleri, \u00f6nceki paragraflarda belirtildi\u011fi gibi emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha ucuz oldu\u011fu yerlere kayd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u0130malatta a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla g\u00f6\u00e7men ve kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler tercih edilmektedir. \u0130\u015fyerleri, zehirli kimyasallar nedeniyle son derece sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu zehirli maddeler, \u00e7e\u015fitli kad\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131nda neden olmaktad\u0131r: g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kanseri, adet d\u00fczensizlikleri, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckler, zehirli anne s\u00fct\u00fc, sakat do\u011fumlar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130nsanlar i\u015flerini kaybetmekten korkmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131 i\u015f de yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Aileler evlerinde E\u0130T bile\u015fenlerini zehirli kimyasallarla temizlemektedir. Bu par\u00e7aba\u015f\u0131 i\u015f daha sonra bas\u0131l\u0131 devre kartlar\u0131n\u0131n ya da kablolar\u0131n montaj\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Par\u00e7aba\u015f\u0131 i\u015fin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi aileler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla beraber daha \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, \u00fcretmeye zorlanmaktad\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, r\u00fcyalar vadisinde de s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehdit eden i\u015fler vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Peki daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler alan yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 nas\u0131ld\u0131r? Fuchs, Silikon Vadisi&#8217;nin en bilinen \u015firketini, Google&#8217;\u0131 inceler. Google&#8217;\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in sundu\u011fu olanaklar s\u0131k s\u0131k medyada yer almaktad\u0131r: bedava yiyecekler, restoranlar, spor salonlar\u0131, oyunlar&#8230; \u0130\u015fyerini e\u011flenceli hale getirmek i\u00e7in akla gelebilecek her \u015fey.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rman\u0131n iki temel yolu vard\u0131r. Birincisi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak, ikincisi ise bilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmeler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rmak. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Google da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak art\u0131 de\u011fer oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Foxconn \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla zorla olmaktad\u0131r. \u015eirketler \u00e7e\u015fitli bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerini kullanarak i\u015f\u00e7ileri daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlamaktad\u0131r. Google&#8217;da ise bu i\u015fyerini e\u011flenceli hale getirerek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 olabildi\u011fince i\u015f yerinde tutarak yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f, hayat\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmektedir. Google&#8217;\u0131n eski ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Marissa Mayer, haftada 130 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Hafta 168 saattir ama, Mayer, i\u015fyerinde yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ve du\u015f ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bunun pekala m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir<a class=\"sdendnoteanc\" href=\"#sdendnote2sym\" name=\"sdendnote2anc\"><sup>ii<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Google&#8217;daki yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisleri, meslekta\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek kazanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak ayn\u0131 durum t\u00fcm Google \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. Google kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 tarayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, Google ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131ndan faydalanamamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Merkezi \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">Dijital i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bir di\u011fer boyutu da \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Telefon hizmetleri \u00f6nceden de vard\u0131r. Fakat son y\u0131llarda telekom\u00fcnikasyondaki ilerlemeler, t\u00fcketici k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, medya becerilerinin artmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin do\u011fu\u015funu tetiklemi\u015ftir. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda, AB \u00fclkelerinde \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi faaliyetlerinde uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f 8240 \u015firket vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin temelinde m\u00fc\u015fteri ili\u015fkileri vard\u0131r ve aramalar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6re ikiye ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Birincisi, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin m\u00fc\u015fteri taraf\u0131ndan aranmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezleri, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin %71&#8217;ini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi tipinde ise \u015firketler potansiyel m\u00fc\u015fterilerini aramaktad\u0131r ya da piyasa ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezleri \u00f6zellikle telekom\u00fcnikasyon ve finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 17 \u00fclkede (Avusturya, Brezilya, Kanada, Danimarka, Fransa, Almanya, Hindistan, \u0130rlanda, \u0130srail, Hollanda, Polonya, G\u00fcney Afrika, G\u00fcney Kore, \u0130spanya, \u0130sve\u00e7, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k ve ABD), 2500 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %69&#8217;u kad\u0131nd\u0131r. %71&#8217;i tam zamanl\u0131, %17&#8217;si yar\u0131 zamanl\u0131 ve %12&#8217;si ge\u00e7ici s\u00fcreyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yar\u0131 zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde daha fazlad\u0131r: \u0130srail&#8217;de %48, Hollanda&#8217;da %46, \u0130spanya&#8217;da %44 ve G\u00fcney Kore&#8217;de %60. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin %40&#8217;\u0131nda toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fme anla\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r; %50&#8217;sinde toplu temsil bi\u00e7imleri vard\u0131r. Bu oranlar Fransa, Hollanda ve Brezilya&#8217;da daha y\u00fcksekken \u0130srail, ABD, Kanada, Hindistan, Polonya ve G\u00fcney Kore&#8217;de yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r. \u00dccretler, toplu s\u00f6zleme ve temsil bi\u00e7imlerinin oldu\u011fu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinde daha y\u00fcksektir. Alt y\u00fcklenicilere devredilen \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinde \u00fccretler daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar g\u00fcvencesizdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u0130ngilizce konu\u015fan \u00fclkeler, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi hizmetlerini Hindistan&#8217;a kayd\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; Fortune 500 \u015firketinden 400&#8217;\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi Hindistan&#8217;dad\u0131r. Hintli \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 meslekta\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha e\u011fitimlidir ve \u00e7o\u011fu bu i\u015fi ge\u00e7ici g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\">\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, \u015firketle m\u00fc\u015fteriler aras\u0131nda, yo\u011fun duygulan\u0131msal emek i\u00e7eren zorlu bir g\u00f6rev \u00fcstlenmektedir. \u0130\u015fin standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zetim, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 yo\u011fun bir bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda b\u0131rakmakta, beyinlerini ve bedenlerini daha yo\u011fun (daha az zamanda daha \u00e7ok m\u00fc\u015fteri) bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlamaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fin tekrarl\u0131, kat\u0131 disiplin ve s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131yor olmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkilemektedir: Kas gerilmesi, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131, i\u015fitme kay\u0131plar\u0131, g\u00f6z yorgunlu\u011fu, stres, panik atak, ba\u015f d\u00f6nmesi, mide bulant\u0131s\u0131. Fuchs, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 Taylorcu disiplin alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan beyaz yakal\u0131lar olarak tan\u0131mlamakta ve gri yakal\u0131 olarak nitelendirmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\" align=\"center\">***<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"right\">\u201c<i>G\u00fcl\u00fc \u00e7i\u011fdemi filan b\u0131rak<\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><i>Sardunyay\u0131 karidesi filan b\u0131rak<\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><i>Ac\u0131y\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmleri b\u0131rak<\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><i>Oy pusulalar\u0131n\u0131 ve se\u00e7imleri b\u0131rak<\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><i>Evet<\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><i>Se\u00e7imleri \u00f6zellikle b\u0131rak<\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><i>\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7o\u011funluktad\u0131r\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><b>Turgut UYAR<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u0130tiraf etmek gerekirse Fuchs&#8217;un kitab\u0131n\u0131 okuyana kadar ben de E\u0130T&#8217;lerde kullan\u0131lan madenleri hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015ftim. Foxconn&#8217;daki intiharlar\u0131 biliyordum, ama Silikon Vadisi&#8217;ndeki farkl\u0131 d\u00fcnyalardan bihaberdim. A\u00e7l\u0131k ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bu kadar \u00e7o\u011funluktayken E\u0130T \u00fczerine kurulu \u00fctopyalar\u0131 tekrar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekiyor. E\u0130T, kime, ne getirmi\u015ftir? UD\u0130 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yine yoksullar daha yoksulla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, zenginler daha \u00e7ok zenginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"sdendnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdendnote\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote1anc\" name=\"sdendnote1sym\">i<\/a>Fuchs&#8217;un UD\u0130 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bu \u00f6rneklerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. Kitapta sosyal medya kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretsiz i\u00e7erik \u00fcretimi de tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu konuyu ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131da, daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 planl\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdendnote2\">\n<p class=\"sdendnote\"><a class=\"sdendnotesym\" href=\"#sdendnote2anc\" name=\"sdendnote2sym\">ii<\/a>Fuchs&#8217;un Hindistan ve Google \u00f6rneklerinde belirtti\u011fi, i\u015fyerinin e\u011flenceli hale getirilmesi ve yumu\u015fak y\u00f6netim teknikleriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar kendilerini ba\u015fka g\u00f6rseler de yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oran\u0131 \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksektir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisli\u011finde uygulanan yumu\u015fak y\u00f6netim stratejilerinin (\u00e7evik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler, XP, Scrum vs) bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde incelenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Brecht&#8217;in okuyan i\u015f\u00e7isi sorar: Yedi kap\u0131l\u0131 Thebai \u015fehrini kuran kim? Kitaplar yaln\u0131z, krallar\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yor, yoksa krallar m\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 kayalar\u0131? Ama biz sormay\u0131z. Bilgisayarlar\u0131m\u0131z, yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[70,27],"tags":[71,96,81,95],"class_list":["post-386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-emek","category-yazilim-muhendisligi","tag-apple","tag-foxconn","tag-google","tag-silikon-vadisi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/386","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=386"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/386\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":387,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/386\/revisions\/387"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=386"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}