Yazar elbette ki bu adlar\u0131n\/terimlerin \u00e7o\u011fu okur i\u00e7in pek bir\u015fey ifade etmedi\u011finin fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde herbiri tarihteki yerini alacak. Fakat \u015fimdilik yukar\u0131da, sat\u0131r aralar\u0131nda gizli kalanlar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli sorularla mercek alt\u0131na alal\u0131m:<\/p>\n
Stallman projenin ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r ama GNU\/Linux’u tek ba\u015f\u0131na yazmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. GNU\/Linux, binlerce insan\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Soru 1:<\/strong> \u0130nsanlar, do\u011frudan bir maddi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k elde etmeksizin ni\u00e7in GNU\/Linux’un olu\u015fumuna katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n Soru 2:<\/strong> GNU\/Linux nas\u0131l oluyor da geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in milyonlarca dolar harcanan yaz\u0131l\u0131mlara kafa tutabiliyor, hatta baz\u0131 durumlarda onlardan daha \u00fcst\u00fcn teknik \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6sterebiliyor. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, \u00fccretli emek, nas\u0131l g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc\/ortakla\u015fa emek kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenilgiye u\u011fruyor? Daha a\u00e7\u0131k ifade edersek, 1980’lerin sonunda reel sosyalizmin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00fccretli eme\u011fin kesin zaferi de\u011fil miydi? Yoksa hayalet yeniden dirildi mi?<\/p>\n Soru 3:<\/strong> \u0130kinci soruya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, GNU\/Linux’un ger\u00e7ekten kapitalist sistemin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilir miyiz? Bili\u015fim d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeleri takip eden okurlar\u0131n\u00a0 bildi\u011fi gibi IBM, Sun, Novell ve HP gibi \u015firketler\u00a0 GNU\/Linux ile yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmektedir.<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131daki sorular\u0131n tarihsel perspektiften yoksun bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla yan\u0131tlanmas\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n tarihsel seyrinin belirli bir u\u011fra\u011f\u0131na ait olgular\u0131n genel ge\u00e7er do\u011frular olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi\u00a0 ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi sosyal ili\u015fkilerin diyalekti\u011finin g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilmesi\u00a0 bizi \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 noktalara savuracakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin post-marxist’lerin yeni bir toplumsal hareket g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde kapitalistler yeni i\u015f stratejileri g\u00f6rebilmektedir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki payla\u015f\u0131mdan, yard\u0131mla\u015fmadan ve di\u011ferkaml\u0131ktan ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00f6nerken, ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc bir \u015fey ke\u015ffetti\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken; kimilerinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kasalar\u0131na giren paralar d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n Bu yaz\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n tarihsel ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi t\u00fcm \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle beraber b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir sunumunu hedeflemektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6z konusu sorular, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n tarihsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde yan\u0131tlanacak; \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu, geli\u015fimi ve temel e\u011filimleri tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda, \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme ve metala\u015fma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin etkisi alt\u0131nda olan \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n tarihsel seyri, be\u015f temel u\u011fra\u011f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu ba\u011flamda, ilk u\u011fra\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, meta ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7ine hen\u00fcz do\u011frudan girmedi\u011fi, Kendinde \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m (Fogel, 2005: 12)\u00a0 olacakt\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n daha rahat anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kaynak kodu ve programlama dili gibi bili\u015fim terimleri toplumsal ba\u011flam\u0131 i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, kendinde \u00f6zg\u00fcr olan yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l metala\u015fma s\u00fcreci i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fini g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hareketi\u00a0 bu\u00a0 metala\u015fma s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde, ak\u0131nt\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 bilin\u00e7li bir kar\u015f\u0131 koyu\u015fun \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesiyle olu\u015ftu. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde (Hacker ‘lar ve \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m Hareketi) belirtildi\u011fi gibi \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hareketi, \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 etkin bir direni\u015f sergiledi; s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hackerlar\u0131n toplumsal prati\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrken, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hareketi de bu m\u00fccadele s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde kendini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n Hackerlar\u0131n temel hedeflerinden biri enformasyona eri\u015fimin herkes i\u00e7in ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda, h\u0131zla ucuzlayan ki\u015fisel bilgisayarlar ve artan \u0130nternet eri\u015fimi \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc u\u011fra\u011f\u0131na (\u0130nternet ve Linux) i\u015faret eder. Bu d\u00f6nemde bilgisayar kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ve aralar\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimin h\u0131zla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu durum, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hareketi \u00fczerinde de etkisini g\u00f6sterir. Bir yandan payla\u015f\u0131m, yard\u0131mla\u015fma olanaklar\u0131 h\u0131zla artmaktad\u0131r; \u00f6te yandan ise \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n hareketi daha heterojen bir yap\u0131ya do\u011fru evrilmektedir.<\/p>\n 1990’lar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 nitel bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r:\u00a0 hackerlar kapitalist i\u015fadamlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrken, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulu olan kapitalist d\u00fcnya y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma d\u00f6ner. Ancak \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fcm d\u00fczen d\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6yleminden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131p onu A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod olarak yeniden adland\u0131r\u0131r. Art\u0131k \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hareketinin \u0131srarla vurgulad\u011f\u0131 etik de\u011ferler yerini a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod i\u015f modellerine b\u0131rak\u0131r; bu i\u015f modelleri \u00fczerine kurulu \u015firketler 1990’lar\u0131n r\u00fczgar\u0131yla h\u0131zla artar.<\/p>\n Fakat 2000li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131daki bili\u015fim firmas\u0131 gibi a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod firmalar\u0131 da sahneyi terkeder. Ancak daha sonras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f projelerine \u015fahit oluruz. Farkl\u0131 sosyo-ekonomik ko\u015fullara sahip \u00fclkelerde (Fransa, Brezilya, Almanya, \u00c7in) GNU\/Linux’a g\u00f6\u00e7 projeleri g\u00fcndeme gelir. Bu, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u201d yay\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Fakat \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n her tarihsel u\u011fra\u011f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan Fikri M\u00fclkiyet Haklar\u0131 (FMH), bu sefer uluslararas\u0131 boyutta, giderek artan bir yo\u011funlukta yaz\u0131l\u0131m patentleri ve g\u00fcvenilir hesaplama (Trusted Computing)\u00a0 \u015feklinde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar.\u00a0 Bu son b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bekleyen tehlikeler tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Fakat ENIAC’dan elde edilen deneyim ve fikirler, ENIAC’\u0131n yeniden programlanabilirli\u011findeki t\u00fcm s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Von Neuman’\u0131n devrimci kavramsal bilgisayar mimarisinin olu\u015fumuna \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunur. Von Neuman’\u0131n tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisayar mimarisinde komut setleri ve veriler tek bir saklama biriminde tutulur. Komut setlerinin ve verilerin tek bir veri saklama deposunda tutulmas\u0131yla programlar saklanabilir duruma gelir. Art\u0131k komutlar daha kolay de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir durumdad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece yaz\u0131l\u0131m, bilgisayar\u0131n daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir bile\u015feni durumuna gelir ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcreklilik kazan\u0131r. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, bilgisayarlar\u0131n artan yeniden programlanabilirlik \u00f6zelli\u011fi onlar\u0131n daha geni\u015f alanlara yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar, bilgisayarlar i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n 1950’lerde ABD Hava Kuvvetleri’nce finanse edilen SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment) projesi, ABD bilgisayar end\u00fcstrisinin ticari uygulamalara y\u00f6nelmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. Campbell-Kelly’e (1995) g\u00f6re SAGE projesi, bilgisayar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli deneyimlerinden biridir ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da bulu\u015fun ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tetiklemi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bilgisayarlar\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal\u00a0 i\u015flerden etkile\u015fimli sistemler d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015finin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bilgisayarlar\u0131n, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bilgisayarlar\u0131n i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131m hizmetlerine y\u00f6nelik bir piyasan\u0131n olu\u015fumuna \u00f6n ayak olur. Bilgisayar \u00fcreticilerinin, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00f6zelliklerini artt\u0131r\u0131p satmak i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131ma olan gereksinimleri giderek artmaktad\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda zaman\u0131n lider bilgisayar \u00fcreticisi IBM, yaz\u0131l\u0131m hizmetleri ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131 satmaya ba\u015flar. \u0130\u015fte programlama dilleri ve onlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kaynak kodu tarihin bu an\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Programlama dilleri, bilgisayarlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirdi\u011fi gibi \u00fcretici firmalarla kullan\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye yeni bir boyut katar. Firmalar, do\u011frudan amaca y\u00f6nelik yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar \u00fcretmek yerine, bu ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek ara\u00e7lar, programlama dilleri, geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flarlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bilgisayar kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, bilgisayara do\u011frudan art\u0131-de\u011fer katk\u0131s\u0131 sunabilecek hale gelir. Bunu, \u015firketlerin ve kurumlar\u0131n, bilgisayarlar\u0131 daha i\u015flevsel kullanmak i\u00e7in kendi b\u00fcnyelerinde yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri olu\u015fturmalar\u0131 takip eder.<\/p>\n Peki programlama dili nedir?<\/p>\n Bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m uygulamas\u0131 (web taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, oyunlar, ofis uygulamalar\u0131 vs.) komutlar ve veriler k\u00fcmesinden olu\u015fur. Ekrana, \u201cMerhaba D\u00fcnya\u201d yazan ufak bir uygulama geli\u015ftirmek istedi\u011finizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Programlama dillerinden \u00f6nce, programc\u0131lar bunu bilgisayar\u0131n anlayaca\u011f\u0131 tek\u00a0 dille, makine diliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyorlard\u0131. Makine dili, 0’lardan ve 1’lerden olu\u015fan, kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 zor ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir dildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cMerhaba D\u00fcnya\u201d yazmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakine benzer bir ifade gerekir:<\/p>\n Programlama dilleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kaynak kodu, derleyiciler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nce daha alt d\u00fczey bir dile (insanlar taraf\u0131ndan okunabilirli\u011fi daha az olan assembly diline) \u00e7evrilir.\u00a0 Sonra da bilgisayarlar\u0131n anlaya\u011f\u0131 0’lar ve 1’ler k\u00fcmesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, bir program\u0131 do\u011frudan makine diliyle\u00a0 yazmak onun daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc programlama diliyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir program\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mesi gereken a\u015famalar yoktur. Fakat, makine diliyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir program\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenlemek daha zor ve karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin yukar\u0131da \u201cMerhaba D\u00fcnya\u201d yazan kodu, ba\u015fka bir i\u00e7erik yazacak hale getirmek programc\u0131 olmayanlar i\u00e7in bile zor de\u011filken, makine dilini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek programc\u0131lar i\u00e7in bile zahmetli olacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle, programla dillerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131ndaki eksik \u00fcretimi giderebilmek yolunda iki a\u00e7\u0131dan ya\u015famsal bir ad\u0131md\u0131r: Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi kolayla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve geli\u015ftirilen yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131labilirli\u011fi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu ba\u011flamda, bilgisayar \u00fcreten firmalar\u0131n 1950’lerin sonunda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kullan\u0131c\u0131 gruplar\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n tarihinin anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bu gruplar, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n kendilerince geli\u015ftirilen yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n kaynak kodlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, IBM taraf\u0131ndan SHARE ad\u0131 verilen bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 grubu olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. 1950’ler ve 1960’lar\u0131n sonu, bilgisayar\u0131n donan\u0131mdan ibaret g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, as\u0131l meta olan\u0131n donan\u0131m\u0131n kendisi oldu\u011fu y\u0131llard\u0131r. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, hala donan\u0131m\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki geli\u015ftirilen yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131mlarla bilgisayar\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak isteyen ama yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirimi konusunda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7eken firmalar\u0131n i\u015fine gelmektedir.<\/p>\n 1960’lar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar yaz\u0131l\u0131m, donan\u0131m\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131, bilgisayarlar\u0131n ikincil bir bile\u015feni olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00fc\u00e7 olay, yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve donan\u0131m end\u00fcstrilerini ay\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130lk olay, IBM System 360 bilgisayar ailesinin piyasaya girmesi ve bu bilgisayarlar\u0131n da farkl\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m firmalar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen kullan\u0131c\u0131lara g\u00f6re yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme olana\u011f\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 ve bunu satabilmesidir. \u0130kinci olay, 6 Aral\u0131k 1968’de IBM’in art\u0131k donan\u0131m\u0131 ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 fiyatland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurmas\u0131d\u0131r. O vakte kadar m\u00fc\u015fteriler, bilgisayara bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak para \u00f6demektedirler. IBM bu hamlesinin y\u00fckselen yaz\u0131l\u0131m maliyetlerinin bir neticesi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Fakat OECD raporunda (1985), IBM’in bu karar\u0131nda anti-tr\u00f6st yasalar\u0131n\u0131n etkin oldu\u011fu iddia edilir . Gerek\u00e7esi her ne olursa olsun, IBM’in bu hamlesi \u00e7e\u015fitli yaz\u0131l\u0131m firmalar\u0131na IBM uyumlu yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar geli\u015ftirme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olay ise mikrobilgisayar end\u00fcstrisinin geli\u015fimidir. Mikrobilgisayarlarla beraber, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmeler de bilgisayar alabilir ve kullanabilir duruma gelmi\u015ftir (Campbell-Kelly, 1995).<\/p>\n 1970’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda yar\u0131 iletken teknolojisinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen iyile\u015fmeler, daha h\u0131zl\u0131, daha ucuz ve daha iyi donan\u0131mla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. Bu ilerlemelerin yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisinin geli\u015fimindeki pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. 1975-78 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki\u015fisel bilgisayarlara (PC) y\u00f6nelik bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisi do\u011fmaya ba\u015flar. Bu sekt\u00f6re girmenin \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck mali ve teknik engeller s\u00f6zkonusu de\u011fildir. Bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni, var olan b\u00fcy\u00fck yaz\u0131l\u0131m firmalar\u0131n\u0131n PC’de bir gelecek g\u00f6rmemeleri ve geli\u015fmelere ilgisiz kalmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Teknik a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde ise, PC’lerin yap\u0131s\u0131 di\u011fer bilgisayarlara g\u00f6re basittir ve \u00e7ok ileri bir teknik bilgiye gereksinim duyulmamaktad\u0131r (Ibid.).<\/p>\n 1975’de, pop\u00fcler teknoloji medyas\u0131nda, ilk PC, Altair 8000, kullan\u0131c\u0131lara duyurulur. Bu haberi okuyunlardan ikisi, daha sonra Microsoft’un kurucusu olacak Bill Gates ve Paul Allen’d\u0131r. Microsoft, ilk \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc Altair’e y\u00f6nelik haz\u0131rlar: BASIC programlama dili. Bundan bir y\u0131l sonra ise yine pop\u00fcler teknoloji medyas\u0131nda Gates’in bilgisayar merakl\u0131lar\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k mektubu yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. Gates, mektubunda BASIC’i kopyalayan, onu di\u011ferleriyle payla\u015fan bilgisayar merakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sert bir dille uyarmakta ve onlar\u0131 h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kla su\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Gates’e g\u00f6re yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n izinsiz kopyalanmas\u0131 daha iyi yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engeldir. \u0130yi yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n, ancak \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ko\u015fullar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirilebilece\u011fini savunur (Moody, 2002: 2).<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ayr\u0131 varl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131yla beraber var olmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fcs\u00fc hi\u00e7 ak\u0131llara gelmemi\u015ftir. Ama \u00e7ok iyi bilinir ki kapitalizm ko\u015fullar\u0131nda var olan her\u015fey metala\u015fmaktad\u0131r. 1980’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fanan PC devrimiyle beraber, yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisi de h\u0131zla geli\u015fir. Art\u0131k yaz\u0131l\u0131m meta ili\u015fkilerine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n PC devriminin en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri, artan kullan\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131yla beraber kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n profillerinin de de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Art\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu olan \u00fcniversitelerde ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma labaratuvarlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim adamlar\u0131 ve m\u00fchendisler de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bilgisayar firmalar\u0131n\u0131n bu yeni kullan\u0131c\u0131 tipinin teknik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok ileri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kaynak koduna ihtiya\u00e7 duymay\u0131p istedi\u011finin yaln\u0131zca programlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak oldu\u011funu farketmeleri \u00e7ok s\u00fcrmez. Rekabette bir ad\u0131m \u00f6ne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kaynak kodu yaz\u0131l\u0131mdan ayr\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r ve kaynak kodunun saklanmas\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n temel prensibi olur. B\u00f6ylece PC kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok umursamasalar da\u00a0 kaynak kodunu daha en ba\u015f\u0131ndan kaybederler (Wayner, 2000).<\/p>\n Asl\u0131nda bu umursamazl\u0131k gayet ola\u011fand\u0131r. Programlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden programlama ihtiyac\u0131 duymayanlar\u0131n kaynak kodunun \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline gelmesinden kayg\u0131 duymalar\u0131 beklenemez. Programc\u0131 de\u011fillerdir ve \u00fcretme kayg\u0131lar\u0131 yoktur; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kaynak kodundaki bilgi onlar i\u00e7in anlams\u0131zd\u0131r. Fakat PC’lerde kullan\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline gelmesi, ara\u015ft\u0131rma labaratuvarlar\u0131nda ve \u00fcniversitelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, hacker ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz usta programc\u0131lar\u0131 da rahats\u0131z etmez. Onlar i\u00e7in PC’ler yetersiz oyuncaklardan ba\u015fka bir\u015fey de\u011fildir.\u00a0 Onlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla daha geli\u015fmi\u015f olup PDP-10 ve UNIX i\u015fletim sistemlerini kullanan bilgisayarlarla ilgilidirler.<\/p>\n Ancak AT&T’nin 1980’lerdeki hamleleri hackerlar\u0131 da metala\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaz. AT&T 1970’li y\u0131llardan beri Bell Labaratuvarlar\u0131nda deneysel ama\u00e7larla UNIX’i geli\u015ftirmektedir. En ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri, AT&T geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi sistemin kaynak kodunu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131larla payla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Zaten \u00fcniversitenin de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r (Ibid.)<\/p>\n UNIX zamanla deneysel bir sistemin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015far ve olduk\u00e7a yetkin bir i\u015fletim sistemine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda AT&T bu f\u0131rsat\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rmak istemez, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek ister. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, PC d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fanan metala\u015fma s\u00fcrecini takip eder ve \u00fcniversitelerden UNIX’e dair telif haklar\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli anla\u015fmalara imza atmas\u0131n\u0131 ister (Stallman, 2002).<\/p>\n H\u0131zla yay\u0131lan, yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline gelme s\u00fcreci \u015fimdi de hackerlar\u0131 vurmu\u015ftur. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kendisi ba\u015fka nesnelerin \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Fakat kaynak koduyla bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olan yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 di\u011fer \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran \u00f6nemli fark kendisi i\u00e7in de bir \u00fcretim arac\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin d\u00f6rt i\u015flem yapan bir hesap makinesi program\u0131 yapt\u0131n\u0131z. \u0130\u015fin be\u015f g\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc var sayal\u0131m. Daha sonra da bunu bir derleyici ile bilgisayar\u0131n anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek dil olan\u00a0 0\/1 dizilerine \u00e7evirdiniz. En sonunda da ilgili program\u0131 bir arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131za satt\u0131n\u0131z. Aradan zaman ge\u00e7ti. Bu arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131za d\u00f6rt i\u015flem yetersiz kalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bilimsel hesap makinesine (Karek\u00f6k, sin\u00fcs, kosin\u00fcs vs hesaplar\u0131na da yapabilen.) ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor. \u015eimdi ne yapacak? E\u011fer bu arkada\u015f\u0131m\u0131za, d\u00f6rt i\u015flem yapan program\u0131 kaynak koduyla verdiyseniz, o kodun (birikmi\u015f bilginin) \u00fczerine kendisi birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc harcayarak istedi\u011fi \u00f6zellikleri ekleyebilir. E\u011fer sadece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir dosyay\u0131 verdiyseniz yapaca\u011f\u0131 iki \u015fey vard\u0131r. Sizden daha geli\u015fmi\u015f bir program istemek (burada ister istemez size ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kalacakt\u0131r) ya da her \u015feye ba\u015ftan ba\u015flamak, bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle normal bir hesap makinesi yapmak i\u00e7in yeniden fazladan be\u015f g\u00fcn harcamak.<\/p>\n Bu nedenle, kaynak kodu hackerlar i\u00e7in ya\u015famsald\u0131r, onlar o vakte kadar kaynak koduna s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z eri\u015fimleriyle yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar geli\u015ftirip bunu di\u011fer hackerlarla payla\u015fma yoluna gitmi\u015ftir. \u015eimdi ise eski \u00f6zg\u00fcr g\u00fcnler art\u0131k geride kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hackerlar ve \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m Hareketi \u00dcstelik ama\u00e7 sadece teknik olarak bir i\u015fletim sistemi geli\u015ftirmek de\u011fildir, Stallman yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fanan metala\u015fmaya ahlaken kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu da belirtir. GNU, ak\u0131nt\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcrek \u00e7ekmektir ve \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda tarihi bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme i\u015faret eder. Kendinde \u00f6zg\u00fcr olan yaz\u0131l\u0131m, metala\u015fma s\u00fcreci ve buna kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan tepkilerle kendisi i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. GNU, hackerlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n nesnele\u015fmesini ifade etmektedir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn lideri Stallman’\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda, hackerlar\u0131n prati\u011fini teorize eder ve bu yaz\u0131larda \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 hackerlar\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1983’de att\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesajda Stallman kendini, \u00fcnl\u00fc bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m olan EMACS’\u0131n geli\u015ftiricisi olarak tan\u0131t\u0131r. Levy 1984’de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131nda\u00a0 Stallman’\u0131 \u201cHackerlar’\u0131n sonuncusu\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar ve onu, h\u0131zla da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p ac\u0131 sona do\u011fru ilerleyen hackerlar toplulu\u011funun ilkelerinin y\u0131lmaz bir savunucusu olarak niteler (Levy, 2001).<\/p>\n Hackerl\u0131k \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m tarihinde temel bir yere sahiptir. Onlar i\u00e7in bilgisayarlar hayattaki en \u00f6nemli \u015feylerdir ve bilgisayar devriminin kahramanlar\u0131d\u0131rlar (Ibid.). Bilgisayarlarla ili\u015fkileri s\u0131radan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131nkinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r; sadece kendileri i\u00e7in gerekli olan\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeye meyilli olan s\u0131radan kullan\u0131c\u0131lardan farkl\u0131 olarak bir sistemi en ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na kadar ara\u015ft\u0131rmak isterler. Castells’e g\u00f6re bu \u00fcretici\/kullan\u0131c\u0131larla t\u00fcketici\/kullan\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki farkt\u0131r (Castells, 2001a).<\/p>\n Internet, hackerl\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fumunun \u00f6nemli par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan biridir. MS-DOS ve Mac hackerlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Hatta Bill Gates’in kendisi de eski bir hackerd\u0131r. Ancak sadece \u0130nternet’te \u00f6rg\u00fctlenebilen UNIX hackerlar\u0131 kendisinin fark\u0131nda bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr olu\u015fturabilmi\u015ftir (Ibid.). Bill Gates’in aksine UNIX hackerlar\u0131 bilgisayar d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki ya\u015fanan metala\u015fmaya ilgisiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onlar sadece daha iyi ara\u00e7lar ve ucuz \u0130nternet (Raymond, 1999a) istemi\u015ftir. UNIX hacker’lar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok \u00fcniversitelerde ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma labaratuvarlar\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle, hacker k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fumunda s\u00fcrekli ili\u015fki halinde olduklar\u0131 akademik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Akademik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn baz\u0131 de\u011fer ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hacker k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde de g\u00f6zlemleyebiliriz. Castells’e (2001a: 42) g\u00f6re bilime olan sayg\u0131, akademik ba\u015far\u0131larla \u00fcn sa\u011flama arzusu ve a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k hacklara\u00a0 akademik d\u00fcnyadan miras kalm\u0131\u015f de\u011ferlerdir.<\/p>\n \u0130nternet, hacker k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fumunu ko\u015fulland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bizzat hacker’lar\u0131n prati\u011fiyle \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Internet’in geli\u015fimi, k\u00f6klerini hacker k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde bulan \u00fc\u00e7 prensiple yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir: Bu ba\u011flamda, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, hackerlar ve \u0130nternet aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fimin bir sonucudur. \u0130nternet’teki hizmetlerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m’lar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r: Alan isimlendirme sisteminde (DNS) kullan\u0131lan BIND, e-posta servislerinde kullan\u0131lan sendmail, daha sonra web i\u00e7in Apache ve Perl. Hackerlar\u0131n temel slogan\u0131, \u201cenformasyon \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d (Boyle, 1996) asl\u0131nda hackerlar\u0131n prati\u011finin kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hackerl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n tarihinde ikili bir y\u00f6n\u00fc vard\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak, teknolojinin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na yapt\u0131klar\u0131 vurguyla, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma sosyal bir boyut katt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Ayr\u0131ca, kendini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ifade etme, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n mahremiyeti ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr etkinlik hackerlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli idealleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde, ABDli y\u00f6neticiler, hackerlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fi kazan\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131\u00a0 onlar\u0131n etkinliklerini g\u00f6rmezden gelmeyi tercih etmi\u015ftir (Raymond, 1999a). \u0130kinci olarak ise hackerl\u0131k i\u00e7inde, kapitalist giri\u015fimcili\u011fin k\u00f6klerini\u00a0 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmakrad\u0131r. \u00dcniversitedeki ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma labaratuvarlar\u0131ndaki akademik hayat sonras\u0131nda hackerlar\u0131n i\u015f hayat\u0131na at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. \u00c7ok say\u0131da hacker, y\u00fcksek \u00fccretlerle, \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiren firmalarca kiralan\u0131r. Bu da hackerlar toplulu\u011fu aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r, Stallman’\u0131n da vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, her\u015feyin \u00f6lmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fte Stallman’\u0131n mesaj\u0131, her\u015feyin \u00f6lmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu tarihsel d\u00f6nemde at\u0131l\u0131r. GNU projesi tam olarak 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flar. Ard\u0131ndan, Stallman yaz\u0131l\u0131mda kaynak kodunun payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulayan\u00a0 GNU Manifestosunu kalem al\u0131r. GNU Manifestosu \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 en k\u00f6ktenci tav\u0131rd\u0131r ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zihin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r (Wayner, 2000).<\/p>\n GNU projesinin amac\u0131 UNIX benzeri bir sistem yaratmaktan \u00f6te, metala\u015fma s\u00fcreci sonras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131m payla\u015fma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden ye\u015fertebilmektir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te bilin\u00e7li bir bi\u00e7ime kavu\u015fur. \u00d6zg\u00fcr kelimesi, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m hareketince bilgisayar kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kullanma, kopyalama, de\u011fi\u015ftirebilme ve da\u011f\u0131tabilme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. \u00d6YH, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisinde (Free Software) bulunan ‘free’ kelimesinin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle ilgili oldu\u011funu, fiyatla ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0131srarla vurgular. Fakat bu vurguya ra\u011fmen, yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6zg\u00fcr payla\u015f\u0131mdan kaynakl\u0131 olarak bir yan etkiyle \u00fccretsiz de olmaktad\u0131r (Stallman, 2002).<\/p>\n Stallman, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bekleyen en \u00f6nemli tehlikenin fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. Geli\u015ftirilen ve di\u011ferleriyle payla\u015f\u0131lan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ebedi olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmas\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131nda de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, MIT taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen X Pencere Sistemi, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n tamamen \u00f6zg\u00fcr eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat, baz\u0131 \u015firketler X Pencere Sistemi’ni al\u0131p, onu kendilerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirip, geli\u015ftirip \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m olarak satma yoluna gitmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, kullan\u0131c\u0131lara ilk geli\u015ftiricileri taraf\u0131ndan verilen \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, \u015firketlerce gaspedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Stallman, var olan telif haklar\u0131 kanunu \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131m \u00f6nerir: copyleft. Ama\u00e7, \u00f6zg\u00fcr olan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline gelmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mektir. Temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, kullan\u0131c\u0131ya, di\u011ferlerinin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc engellemek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vermektir. GNU GPL (General Public License-Genel Kamu Lisans\u0131) ad\u0131 verilen bu lisansla, kullan\u0131c\u0131 e\u011fer GPL’li\u00a0 bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirirse ya da ona eklemelerde bulunursa, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n yeni halini da\u011f\u0131tmak istedi\u011finde yine\u00a0 GPL kullanmak zorundad\u0131r. X Pencere Sistemi \u00f6rne\u011fine d\u00f6nersek, e\u011fer GPL kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, \u015firketler yapt\u0131klar\u0131 eklemeleri ve geli\u015ftirmeleri yine GPL ile da\u011f\u0131tmak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n GPL, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline getirilmesini \u00f6nler. Bunun yan\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 toplumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir.\u00a0GPL’e g\u00f6re yaz\u0131l\u0131m, s\u00fcrekli biriken toplumsal bilgidir.<\/strong> Baz\u0131lar\u0131na bir yerlerden\u00a0 tan\u0131d\u0131k gelecektir:\u00a0GPL’li bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m, herkesin, ihtiyac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 insanlar\u0131n yetenekleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131larla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/strong><\/p>\n Stallman’\u0131n bu lisans\u0131 tasarlarken ki yegane amac\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc garanti alt\u0131na almakt\u0131r. Fakat GPL \u201cbir vir\u00fcs gibidir\u201d (De-Landa, 2001); GPL’li bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kullan\u0131p onu di\u011fer yaz\u0131l\u0131mlarla ba\u011flad\u0131k\u00e7a GPL’li yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla artar ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ‘zor’la\u00a0 \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n Perens (1999), GNU GPL’in politik retori\u011finin baz\u0131 insanlarda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuz etkiye i\u015faret eder. Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r, ama giri\u015fimcilerin yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline getirme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mesiyle yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisini rahats\u0131z etmektedir. Stallman’\u0131n (2002) bu ele\u015ftiriye yan\u0131t\u0131 olduk\u00e7a nettir: GNU’nun hedefi kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr, pop\u00fcler olup herkes\u00e7e sevilmek de\u011fil.<\/p>\n 1983’de \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131ma tepkiyle ba\u015flayan GNU projesi, \u00e7e\u015fitli katk\u0131larla h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcr. 1990’lara gelindi\u011finde, tamamen \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir i\u015fletim sisteminin olabilirli\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki ku\u015fkular da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Wayner, 2000). GNU projesine ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanan\u00a0 \u00e7ok say\u0131da yaz\u0131l\u0131m vard\u0131r ve neredeyse yolun sonuna gelinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u0130nternet ve Linux \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m Vakf\u0131 (Free Software Foundation-FSF) ve lideri Stallman, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n bilin\u00e7li bir forma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinde kritik bir rol oynad\u0131. Fakat \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden yaln\u0131zca onlar de\u011fildir. Stallman gibi ideolojik bir s\u00f6ylemle beslenmese de, Berkeley’deki Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi’nde, AT&T’nin do\u011frudan kurban\u0131 olan hackerlar da s\u00fcrece kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r (Wayner, 2000).<\/p>\n Keith Bostic ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, AT&T’ye ait kodun yeniden yaz\u0131lmas\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlar. Ancak daha sonra AT&T taraf\u0131ndan \u015firketin kaynak kodunu \u00e7almakla su\u00e7lanacaklar, \u00e7e\u015fitli davalarla u\u011fra\u015fmak zorunda kalacaklard\u0131r. Ta ki 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan su\u00e7suz bulunana dek…<\/p>\n Bu d\u00f6nemde, Bostic ve arkada\u015flar\u0131ndan habersiz olarak Finlandiyal\u0131 bir \u00f6\u011frenci de DOS kadar ucuz ama UNIX kadar yetenekli bir i\u015fletim sistemi aramaktad\u0131r. Ancak 386 i\u015flemcili bir PC alacak kadar paras\u0131 vard\u0131r. Tanenbaum’un bir UNIX versiyonu olan MINIX’ini almak ister, ama o da 150 dolard\u0131r (Torvalds ve Diamond, 2001 :60-64).\u00a0 Bunun \u00fczerine Linus Torvalds GNU projesi taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan ara\u00e7larla kendi i\u015fletim sistemini yazmaya karar verir. \u00d6zellikle GNU C derleyicisi GCC Torvalds’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunur.<\/p>\n Torvalds’un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ne AT&T ile ne de Microsoft ile rekabet etmeyi akl\u0131na getiren son derece m\u00fctevazi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Ancak piyasada bulunan UNIX versiyonlar\u0131 kadar yetenekli bir sistem geli\u015ftirmek \u015feklinde iddial\u0131 bir hedefi de vard\u0131r. Torvalds \u00e7al\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 bir oyun ve deney olarak g\u00f6rmektedir (Raymond, 1999a).<\/p>\n Asl\u0131nda Torvalds’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131smas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok da s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir yan\u0131 yoktur. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda parlak i\u015fler yapan parlak \u00f6\u011frenciler vard\u0131r; Torvalds da bunlardan biridir. Ancak Torvalds’\u0131n as\u0131l ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fil, nas\u0131l yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sakl\u0131d\u0131r. GNU Manifestosu’nda, \u00e7ekirde\u011fin geli\u015ftirilmesinin geli\u015ftiriciler aras\u0131nda yo\u011fun bir ileti\u015fim gerektirdi\u011fi, bu y\u00fczden de dar bir grup taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir. Fakat Torvalds’\u0131n daha sonra Linux ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi \u00e7ekirdek projesi tam tersi \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. GNU Manifestosu’ndan sonra artan Internet kullan\u0131m\u0131 proje \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini geni\u015f bir grup i\u00e7inde olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lar ve s\u00fcrpriz \u015fekilde daha iyi bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme yarat\u0131r. Ucuz \u0130nternet sayesinde, Linux projesi t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyadaki yetenekleri kendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re kullanabilme olana\u011f\u0131 kazan\u0131r (Ibid.). Torvalds’\u0131n (1999) da belirtti\u011fi gibi Linux’un en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 teknik bir ba\u015far\u0131dan \u00e7ok, \u00f6rg\u00fctsel bir ba\u015far\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, ucuz \u0130nternet eri\u015fi Linux projesinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131nda anahtar role sahiptir. Ayr\u0131ca Linus’un \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015finin ayn\u0131 anda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na olanak veren mod\u00fcler tasar\u0131m\u0131 da gerekli bir \u00f6n ko\u015fuldur (Ibid.).<\/p>\n Ancak gerek ucuz \u0130nternet gerekse de mod\u00fcler yap\u0131, Torvalds’\u0131n y\u00f6netimsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile bir anlam kazand\u0131. Torvalds kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 projenin ortak geli\u015ftiricileri olarak kabul etti. B\u00f6ylece t\u00fcketen-\u00fcreten ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak t\u00fc(keten)(\u00fc)reten’e ula\u015ft\u0131. Torvalds’\u0131n kullan\u0131c\u0131ya t\u00fcreten olarak yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Linux’un ve daha sonraki \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m projelerinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n 1992’ye gelindi\u011finde Linux t\u00fcreticilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na haz\u0131rd\u0131r. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar tercihlerini, o an biraz daha haz\u0131r olan ama hala mahkeme kap\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u00fcnen BSD yerine GNU\/Linux i\u00e7in kullan\u0131rlar.\u00a0 Bu tercih de GNU\/Linux’u BSD’nin bir ad\u0131m \u00f6n\u00fcne ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod<\/strong> Locke’a (1942) g\u00f6re daha iyi hale getirilmemi\u015f toprak israft\u0131r ve her kim ki onu ortak m\u00fclkiyetten al\u0131p kendi \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti yaparsa insanl\u0131\u011fa bir katk\u0131 da sunmu\u015f olur. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 topraktan mahrum b\u0131rakmak, onlardan bir\u015fey almak de\u011fil aksine insanl\u0131\u011fa bir\u015fey vermektir. Locke yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda m\u00fclkiyeti sahibinin t\u00fcketimi i\u00e7in de\u011fil, emek verimlili\u011fini, saat ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131\u00a0 artt\u0131rmak olarak de\u011ferlendirir.<\/p>\n Kapitalizmin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve geli\u015fmesinde, birbirleriyle de ili\u015fkili olan, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ve rekabet gerekli ko\u015fullar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir (Wood, 1999). Her ikisi de kapitalizmin tarihi boyunca s\u00fcrekli kutsanm\u0131\u015f unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda Stallman’\u0131n 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131mda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete ve telif haklar\u0131 kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na sert ele\u015ftiriler y\u00f6neltmesi tarihi bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Stallman (1984a) ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131n\u0131 rekabete y\u00f6neltirken, bunun toplumda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bozulmaya dikkatleri \u00e7eker. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyet ve rekabet, insanlar aras\u0131ndaki dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 zedelemektedir. Var olan yasalar der\u00a0 ki: Ancak \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mla \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m aras\u0131ndaki fark, son kertede \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n (kaynak kodunun) toplumsal ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti aras\u0131ndaki fark olsa da projeye katk\u0131da bulunan hackerlar farkl\u0131 g\u00fcd\u00fclerle hareket ederler. Herkes Stallman gibi \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin toplumsal ili\u015fkilerde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuz etkiye kar\u015f\u0131 koyma g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcyle hareket etmemektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma katk\u0131lar\u0131, sadece g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015fleri nedeniyledir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131 koyma nedeni sadece programc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011flenceli bulmalar\u0131yken, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise koyduklar\u0131 katk\u0131larla \u00fcn sa\u011flay\u0131p gelecekteki kariyerlerine parlak ba\u015far\u0131lar eklemek ister . \u00d6nemli bir k\u0131s\u0131m programc\u0131 ise sadece teknik bilgisini geli\u015ftirmeyi hedefller. \u00d6zetle,\u00a0 GNU projesi heterojen bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir ve GPL sayesinde katk\u0131lar birikmektedir. Bug\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma katk\u0131 koyan bir hacker, yar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fadam\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fse de GPL\u00a0 eklenen kaynak kodunun toplumsal m\u00fclkiyetini garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131p gelecek hackerlara bu toplumsal miras\u0131 aktar\u0131r.<\/p>\n Geli\u015ftirilen yaz\u0131l\u0131m, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mlara meydan okuyacak kadar yetkindir, ancak projenin lideri FSF’nin s\u00f6ylemi kapitalizmin temelleri olan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ve rekabet ile a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00e7ik bir \u00e7eli\u015fki halindedir. Tarihte daha \u00f6nce de kapitalizme cephe alan hareketler olmu\u015ftur. Ama \u015fimdi ilgin\u00e7 bir durum s\u00f6zkonusudur: \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m ayn\u0131 zamanda kapitalizm i\u00e7inde bir i\u015f stratejisi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Tabi bunda ABD ekonomisinin i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi d\u00f6nemin de pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n 1990’lar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 ABD ekonomisi i\u00e7in s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. 1970’lerden beri devam eden durgunluk son bulmu\u015f, ABD ekonomisi \u00f6nemli bir b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye kaydetmi\u015ftir. \u00dcstelik bu b\u00fcy\u00fcme i\u015fsizlikte ve enflasyonda ya\u015fanan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerle beraber ya\u015fan\u0131r. S\u00f6zkonusu durum, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma dair i\u015f stratejilerinin geli\u015fmesine de uygun bir ortam sunar. \u0130nternet, h\u0131zla ara\u015ft\u0131rma labaratuvarlar\u0131ndan, \u00fcniversitelerden toplumun en geni\u015f kesimlerine yay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz bu geli\u015fmenin ard\u0131nda \u0130nternet’i kendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fekillendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u015firketler vard\u0131r. \u0130\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u0130nternet’i d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fck\u00e7e, \u0130nternet de i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n dinamiklerini de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Daha\u00a0 \u00f6nemlisi, hackerlar bu d\u00f6nemde i\u015f adamlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flar (Castells, 2001a). \u00d6yle bir d\u00f6neme girilmi\u015ftir ki, \u00fcniversitelerinden mezun olan gen\u00e7 hackerlar, \u00fcniversiteden edindikleri \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m deneyimini, ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisine ta\u015f\u0131rlar. Elbette ki bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te hackerlar toplumsal kayg\u0131larla hareket etmemektedir. \u0130\u015f hayat\u0131na en iyi bildikleri \u015feyi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131rlar: \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131. Yanlar\u0131nda getirdiklerinin teknik olarak \u00fcst\u00fcn ara\u00e7lar oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcpheleri yoktur (Dibona ve di\u011ferleri, 1999).<\/p>\n Son tahlilde yeni do\u011fan bu giri\u015fimci k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, i\u00e7erisinde hacker k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bar\u0131nd\u0131rsa da temeli do\u011fal olarak kar etmektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla FSF’nin s\u00f6ylemindeki anti-kapitalist tonlar kabul edilemez (Ibid.). \u00d6rne\u011fin, Stallman, teknik bir kitap olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m felsefesini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm koydu\u011fu GNU Emacs Kullan\u0131m K\u0131lavuzu’nu bast\u0131racak yay\u0131nc\u0131 bulamaz. Bilginin kopyalanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 vaaz eden bir kitap, yay\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n kendi bindi\u011fi dal\u0131 kesmesidir ve hi\u00e7 bir yay\u0131nc\u0131 buna yana\u015fmaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Stallman kitab\u0131n\u0131 kendisi basar (Tiemann, 1999). Bunun Stallman i\u00e7in bir \u00f6nemi yoktur; o tamamen etik de\u011ferlerle hareket eden birisidir. Fakat bu de\u011ferler baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n a\u015fil topu\u011funu da olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Microsoft’un CEO’su Ballmer yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda GNU’yu toplumdaki m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerine zarar veren bir kanser olarak tan\u0131mlar (Moody, 2002).<\/p>\n Bu problemin \u00fcstesinden gelmek isteyen \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n liderleri 1997’de Kaliforniya’da bir araya geldi. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda Eric Raymond’dan Tim O’Reilly’e kadar \u00e7ok say\u0131da tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f insan yer almaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Stallman davetli de\u011fildir. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi FSF’nin anti-kapitalist s\u00f6ylemi i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engeli olu\u015fturdu\u011fudur. Bu nedenle \u00f6nce \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ad\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdiler, art\u0131k onun ad\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod’dur. Ayr\u0131ca etik de\u011ferler ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00fczerine kurulu s\u00f6ylem hemen terkedilmelidir. Bundan b\u00f6yle temel arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 teknik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lara getirece\u011fi karl\u0131l\u0131k olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n Asl\u0131nda ne Stallman ne de FSF i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilere kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Hatta Stallman hayat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mdan kazan\u0131r; FSF GNU projesini bu \u015fekilde finanse eder. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 dikkatini 1990’lar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ekmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m i\u015f modelleri uzun s\u00fcredir vard\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n temeli \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00f6zetlenebilir: \u201cProgramc\u0131lardan yetenekleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde katk\u0131 almak ve onlara ihtiyac\u0131 olan ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flamak\u201d. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m i\u015f modellerinin temeli ise, \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m lisans\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmadan, firmalar\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131 olanlara belirli bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hizmet sunmas\u0131\u201dd\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin herhangi bir \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in yeterli bilginiz yok ya da onu de\u011fi\u015ftirip kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131za uyarlayacak programc\u0131l\u0131k bilgisine sahip de\u011filsiniz. Bu durumda istedi\u011finiz hizmetin \u00fccretini \u00f6dersiniz. Firma kesinlikle toplumsal m\u00fclkiyete el koyamaz, sadece bir art\u0131 de\u011fer sa\u011flay\u0131p bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r; bu art\u0131-de\u011fer kaynak kodu niteli\u011findeyse toplumsal m\u00fclkiyete katk\u0131da da bulunmu\u015f olur.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin Red Hat firmas\u0131n\u0131n stratejisi bu y\u00f6ndedir. Kurulumu ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 teknik bilgiden yoksun kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in zor olan GNU\/Linux’u, herkesin kullanabilece\u011fi kolayl\u0131\u011fa getirdiler. Firmalara sunduklar\u0131 7X24 hizmetle para kazan\u0131rlar. Bu i\u015f modelinde kesinlikle \u201ckullan\u0131m hakk\u0131 lisans\u0131\u201d sat\u0131lmaz; sadece hizmet sat\u0131l\u0131r. Red Hat sundu\u011fu hizmetlerle k\u0131sa bir\u00a0 s\u00fcrede kullan\u0131c\u0131lar kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bili\u015fim \u015firketlerinin de g\u00fcvenini kazan\u0131r. \u00d6nceden sadece Microsoft’u ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck UNIX firmalar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alarak \u00fcr\u00fcn geli\u015ftiren Oracle, IBM ve HP gibi \u015firketler art\u0131k Red Hat’\u0131 da muhatap almaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131ma ilgisi bununla da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmaz. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mdan para kazanan, ama Microsoft’un kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tutunamayanlar da stratejilerinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklere giderler. Netscape 1998’de kaynak kodunu kamuya a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan eder (Hamerly ve di\u011ferleri, 1999). Ayn\u0131 zamanda IBM, kendi web sunucusunu rafa kald\u0131r\u0131p yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 Apache Web Sunucusu’na yapmaya ba\u015flar (Moody, 2002). Daha do\u011frusu, SHARE deneyiminden sonra tekrar \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131na d\u00f6ner. Anca daha \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olan\u0131, Microsoft’un bu geli\u015fmelere sessiz kalmay\u0131p 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kaynak Kodu Payla\u015f\u0131m Lisans\u0131’n\u0131 duyurmas\u0131 olur. Microsoft yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada ‘a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki’ olumlu deneyimleri b\u00fcnyesine katmaktan \u00e7ekinmeyece\u011fini duyurur.<\/p>\n Bu \u015firketler \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n dinamikleri de de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flar.\u00a0 \u015eirketler yeni projeler ba\u015flat\u0131rlar. Sonu\u00e7ta, kendini lisanslarda g\u00f6steren m\u00fclkiyet\u00a0 ili\u015fkilerinde \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flar. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m firmalar\u0131 ile \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiren firmalar aras\u0131nda bir yak\u0131nsama olu\u015fur. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m firmalar\u0131, gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri durumlarda \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine \u00f6zel sahipli yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 eklemekte teredd\u00fct etmezler. GPL buna izin vermemektedir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kimi firmalar yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline gelmesine izin veren a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod lisanslar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan lisanslar\u0131 tercih etmeye ba\u015flar. \u00d6zel sahipli yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00fcreten firmalar ise yine ayn\u0131 lisans yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla yeni i\u015f modelleri kurarlar (Smith, 2002). Kapitalizmle kurulan yeni ili\u015fkiler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yeni lisanslar olu\u015furken, bilginin s\u00fcrekli toplumsal birikimini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan GPL, gerek baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri, gerekse de Microsoft taraf\u0131ndan istenmeyen lisans ilan edilir. A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak koda ilgisini olumu c\u00fcmlelerle ifade eden Microsoft,\u00a0 s\u0131k s\u0131k, GPL ile aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin uzla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder (Lessig, 2002).<\/p>\n \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m ile\u00a0 a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u00a0 tarihsel seyrinin anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli temel noktalardan biridir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bu \u00e7atalla\u015fma bir bak\u0131ma \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m’\u0131n kapitalizm taraf\u0131ndan asimilasyonudur. A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod taraftarlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d kelimesi bile i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 rahats\u0131z edebilece\u011finden sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r (Dibona ve di\u011ferleri, 1999). A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod’daki a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k onlar i\u00e7in teknik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckt\u00fcr, h\u0131zd\u0131r ve elbette ki kard\u0131r. Richardson’un (2001) belirtti\u011fi gibi\u00a0 a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in ehlile\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n Stallman (2002) bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 68 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ayr\u0131mlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6rg\u00fctler, ayn\u0131 hedefi g\u00fctmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n uygulanacak stratejinin detaylar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden birbirlerine d\u00fc\u015fer ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flar. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki bunun tam tersidir. Her iki taraf\u0131n da farkl\u0131 hedefleri vard\u0131r; ama toplumsal pratikleri ile ayn\u0131 yolda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar. Birbirlerinin projelerine destek verirler.<\/p>\n Fakat bu demek de\u011fildir ki aralar\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fczd\u00fcr. Baz\u0131 kritik durumlarda iki taraf farkl\u0131 tepkiler g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesi s\u00fcrecinde Torvalds kaynak kodunun kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00f6zel m\u00fclk bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 tercih etti\u011finde \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131 bunu kabul edilemez bulmu\u015ftur. Torvalds’\u0131n ve a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod\u00e7ular\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131 ise her zamanki gibi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m daha \u00fcst teknik d\u00fczeye sahipse kullan\u0131r\u0131z. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n sahibi Bitkeeper yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bedava verir. Ama bir \u015fartla: Benim yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131m\u0131 kullanan programc\u0131lar, bana rakip bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015famazlar (Williams, 2002). Torvalds bu \u015fart\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir, ancak tarih herhangi bir firman\u0131n insiyatifine g\u00fcvenilemeyece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi ve daha sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Stallman hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n Bir di\u011fer sorun, Stallman’\u0131n Linux ad\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, onun GNU\/Linux olmas\u0131n\u0131 belirtmesiyle ya\u015fan\u0131r.\u00a0 Stallman, Linux’un sadece \u00e7ekirdek oldu\u011funu,\u00a0 i\u015fletim sisteminin do\u011fru ad\u0131n\u0131n GNU\/Linux olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Torvalds ve a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod\u00e7ular buna itiraz ederler. Gerek\u00e7eleri, var olan i\u015fletim sisteminde GNU ara\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ara\u00e7lar\u0131n da oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n Daha sonraki tart\u0131\u015fma pop\u00fcler bir GNU\/Linux masa\u00fcst\u00fc ortam\u0131 olan KDE konusunda ya\u015fan\u0131r. KDE’yi geli\u015ftiren Trolltech firmas\u0131, KDE’de \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m kullanmaya karar verdiklerinde kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda yine \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 bulur. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131, firmay\u0131 uyar\u0131r, ancak bu uyar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmay\u0131nca KDE’ye rakip olarak GNOME masa\u00fcst\u00fc ortam\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flarlar. KDE geri ad\u0131m atmak zorunda kal\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Java programlama dili konusunda da g\u00f6sterdi. Sun firmas\u0131 Java’n\u0131n GPL ile lisanslanmas\u0131na yana\u015fmay\u0131nca Java’n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in GNU kapsam\u0131nda bir proje ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. Proje nerdeyse tamamlanmak \u00fczereyken ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde Sun, Java’y\u0131 GPL ile lisanslamaya karar verdi\u011fini duyurdu.<\/p>\n Ancak \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod\u00e7ular aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7eli\u015fki sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz g\u00fcvebilir hesaplama konusunda\u00a0 ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131 bunu kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 bir tehlike olarak niteleyip yaz\u0131l\u0131mdaki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan bir lisans \u00f6nerirler, ba\u015fta Torvalds ve Linux ekibi olmak \u00fczere a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod\u00e7ular bu yeni lisansa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar.\u00a0 Sanal ortamda \u015fiddetli tart\u0131\u015fmalar hala devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n H\u00fck\u00fcmetler , Fikri M\u00fclkiyet Haklar\u0131 ve Gelecek Fakat \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiren firmalar ve bu\u00a0 firmalar\u0131n fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumakta kararl\u0131 olan ABD, bu h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere bask\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flar. Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ni (AB) yaz\u0131l\u0131m patentleri konusunda s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. AB \u00fcyesi olup patentlere destek vermeyen kimi \u00fclkeler tehditlerle sindirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Microsoft, yaz\u0131l\u0131m patentlerine kar\u015f\u0131 olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi durumunda Danimarka H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’ni, Danimarka’da bulunan 800 i\u015f pozisyonunu ABD’ye kayd\u0131rmakla tehdit eder. Microsoft’un bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilk de\u011fildir; nitekim benzer tehdidi Brezilya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’ne de savurmu\u015ftur. Fakat Avrupa’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen patent sava\u015f\u0131nda as\u0131l dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta sava\u015f\u0131n taraflar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n destek\u00e7isi IBM, Microsoft ile ayn\u0131 saftad\u0131r ve patentleri desteklemektedir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131 ise sokak eylemleri dahil etkin bir kampanya y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrler. IBM, sahip oldu\u011fu patentlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiricilere ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 duyurmas\u0131na\u00a0 ra\u011fmen\u00a0 patent sava\u015f\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131larla uluslararas\u0131 \u015firketler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir .<\/p>\n Benzer bir durum son zamanlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cG\u00fcvenilir Hesaplama\u201d konusunda\u00a0 ya\u015fan\u0131r. G\u00fcvenilir Hesaplama Grubu, bunun bilgisayar g\u00fcvenli\u011fini artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu donan\u0131ma entegre edilecek bir chiple sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar bunun yaln\u0131zca donan\u0131m firmalar\u0131n kullan\u0131c\u0131lar \u00fczerindeki iktidar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirece\u011finde \u0131srar ederler. Donan\u0131m firmalar\u0131, bilgisayarda kullan\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131m dahil bir\u00e7ok \u015feyi kontrol edebileceklerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m kullanmaya zorlanabilir. Microsoft’un G\u00fcvenilir Hesaplama Grubu’nun bir destek\u00e7isi olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m destek\u00e7isi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler (IBM, HP ve SUN) de\u00a0 bu grubun i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod\u00e7ular, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcrk\u00fctmemek stratejisine devam ederken, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131 bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 GPL’de yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yeni d\u00fczenlemeler bertaraf etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktalar. Gelecek hala belirsizdir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n, kapitalizmin farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde gelen fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi ve i\u00e7sel \u00e7eli\u015fkileri \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n olas\u0131 gelece\u011fini de belirleyecektir.<\/p>\n Ancak her\u015fey bir yana, bug\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n nas\u0131l olabilece\u011fi hakk\u0131nda sundu\u011fu ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla rekabetin) geli\u015fme i\u00e7in bir gereklilik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde sundu\u011fu anti-tez hala ba\u015fka bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada GNU ad\u0131nda, \u00f6k\u00fcz k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir hayalet dola\u015fmaktad\u0131r!<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Referanslar DiBona, C., Ockman, S. and Stone, M. (1999). Introduction. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st edition, Son eri\u015fim, 31 Ocak 2005,http:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/catalog\/opensources\/book\/toc.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n Fogel, K. (2005). Producing Open Source Software. O\u2019Reilly. Lessig, L. (2002). Open source baselines: Compared to what? Government Policy toward Open Source Software, AEI-Brookings Joint Center For Regulatory Studies (s.50\u201368).<\/p>\n Levy, S. (2001). Hackers: Hereoes of the Computer Revolution (s. 1\u201390). Penguin Books.<\/p>\n Moody, G. (2002). Rebel Code: The Inside Story of Linux and the Open Source Revolution. New York: Basic Books. Perens, B. (1999). The open source definition. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st edition, Son eri\u015fim 31 Ocak 2005http:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/catalog\/opensources\/book\/toc.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n Raymond, E. (1999a). A brief history of hackerdom. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st edition, Son eri\u015fim 31 Temmuz, 2005,http:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/catalog\/opensources\/book\/toc.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n Richardson, J. (2001). Free software & gpl society \u2014interview with stefan merten, oekonux. Son eri\u015fim 31 Temmuz, 2005,\u00a0http:\/\/www.freesoft.org\/FSM\/english\/issue01\/smerten.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n Smith, B. L. (2002). The future of software: Enabling the marketplace to decide. Government Policy toward Open Source Software, AEI-Brookings Joint Center For Regulatory Studies (s. 69\u201386).<\/p>\n Stallman, R. (1984b). Initial announcement.\u00a0http:\/\/www.gnu.org\/gnu\/gnuhistory.html<\/a>. <\/p>\n i\u00a0 ‘Hacker’lar, medyada s\u0131k s\u0131k yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine, yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yollardan bilgisayar sistemlerine giren, web sitelerini \u00e7\u00f6kerten, banka \u015fifrelerini \u00e7alan insanlar de\u011fillerdir. Bunlara ‘cracker’ ad\u0131 verilir. ‘Hacker’lar, bilgisayar sistemlerini k\u0131ran\/y\u0131kan insanlar de\u011fillerdir. Tam tersine, onlar, enformasyonel toplumun yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, devrimcileridirler. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 27 Eyl\u00fcl 1983 tarihinde, UNIX kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir haber grubunda \u201cyeni UNIX ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirimi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir duyuru yap\u0131ld\u0131. Duyuru sahibi, Richard Stallman, \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir i\u015fletim sistemi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[16,6,11,7,9],"class_list":["post-50","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ozgur_yazilim","tag-fikri-mulkiyet-2","tag-free-software","tag-hackers","tag-open-source","tag-stallman"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=50"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":140,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50\/revisions\/140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=50"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=50"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=50"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nKendinde \u00d6Y
\n<\/strong>Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, \u201cdonan\u0131m\u0131n belirli i\u015flemleri yerine getirmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan komutlar setidir.\u201d (OECD, 1985 :10). Kavramsal olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131m, bilgisayarlar kadar eski olsa da ancak 1950’lerin sonuna do\u011fru bir terim olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Moderrn bilgisayarlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 II. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 ile do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. II. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve hemen ertesinde bilgisayarlar daha \u00e7ok askeri ama\u00e7l\u0131 bilimsel ve teknik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r (Steinmueller, 1996). \u00d6rne\u011fin 1943-47 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Amerikan Ordusu’nca geli\u015ftirilen ve tamamen\u00a0 elektronik olan ilk bilgisayar ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) , Balistik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Labaratuvar\u0131nda, balistik ate\u015fleme tablolar\u0131n\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131 hedeflemektedir. ENIAC, elektromekanik bilgisayarlara benzer \u015fekilde, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi tellerin yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesiyle\u00a0 amaca y\u00f6nelik programlanabilmektedir. Ancak \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 olan elektronik bilgisayarlardan 1000 kat daha h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r ve hidrojen bombas\u0131n\u0131n patlamas\u0131n\u0131n simulasyonunda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Fakat ENIAC kendine ticari kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 bulmakta zorlan\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni ENIAC’\u0131n yeniden programlanabilirli\u011findeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckt\u00fcr ve bu y\u00fczden ENIAC’lar daha \u00e7ok spesifik ama\u00e7lara g\u00f6re programlan\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, yaz\u0131l\u0131m hen\u00fcz donan\u0131mdan ayr\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli bir varl\u0131\u011fa sahip de\u011fildir (Seidel, 2002).<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"\/site\/images\/stories\/genel\/1010.png\")
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/10101.png\" "\\"1010\\"")
<\/a>
\nProgramlama dilleri ise insan diline daha yak\u0131nd\u0131r ve kolayca anla\u015f\u0131labilir.\u00a0 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, ayn\u0131 i\u015flemi yerine getiren C programlama dili ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir program kodu yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>27 Eyl\u00fcl 1983’de att\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesajda Stallman geli\u015ftirmeyi hedefledi\u011fi sistemin ad\u0131n\u0131 GNU olarak ifade etmi\u015fti. GNU’nun a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 hacker’lar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z yinelemeli (recursive) ifadelerden biridir: GNU is Not UNIX. GNU hem bir UNIX sistemi olacakt\u0131r hem de onun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n1- A\u011f mimarisi a\u00e7\u0131k u\u00e7lu, merkezsiz, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc etkinli\u011fe a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n2- T\u00fcm ileti\u015fim protokolleri ve a\u00e7\u0131k, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k ve de\u011fi\u015fime uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n3- Internet’in y\u00f6neti\u015fimi, Internet’e g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc olan a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi ruhuna uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Ibid. :28).<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Daha \u00f6nce de belirtildi\u011fi gibi GNU projesinin g\u00fcndeminde tamamen \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir i\u015fletim sistemi yaratmak vard\u0131r. Bir i\u015fletim sistemini hayata ge\u00e7irmek \u00e7ekirde\u011fin, derleyicilerin, \u00e7e\u015fitli edit\u00f6rlerin, metin i\u015fleme ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n vs. geli\u015ftirilmesini i\u00e7eren olduk\u00e7a kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r (Stallman, 2002). 1990’da \u00e7ekirdek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sistem haz\u0131rd\u0131r ve \u00e7ekirde\u011fe y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n
\n\u0130ngilizce’deki improve kelimesi yaln\u0131zca \u201cdaha iyi yapmak\u201d anlam\u0131nda de\u011fildir; \u201cbir\u015feyi maddi kazan\u00e7 i\u00e7in yapmak\u201d (Wood, 1999: 80) anlam\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erir; \u00f6zellikle de topra\u011f\u0131n kar i\u00e7in i\u015flenmesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda. Wood’un da belirtti\u011fi gibi kapitalizmin erken d\u00f6neminde, verimlilik ve karl\u0131l\u0131k improve\u00a0 kelimesi i\u00e7erisinde birbirine s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 halde bulunur. Bunu en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Locke’un yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Locke’un m\u00fclkiyet \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmalar improvement olgusu \u00fczerine kuruludur. Toprak daha verimli ve karl\u0131 hale ancak \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet sayesinde getirilebilir (Wood, 1999).<\/p>\n
\nSen bu yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 dostlar\u0131nla payla\u015famazs\u0131n. Payla\u015f\u0131rsan korsanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f olursun; bu da yasalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda su\u00e7tur (Ibid.).
\nStallman, Marxist ya da sosyalist de\u011fildir. Kom\u00fcnist olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 baz\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle ifade etme gere\u011fi duyar. Asl\u0131nda Stallman’\u0131n ben kom\u00fcnist de\u011filim derken s\u00f6yledikleri, \u201ckendisinin devlet\u00e7ili\u011fe, iktidar\u0131n bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fudur. Ancak \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ile bunun toplumsal ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u00fczerine olan s\u00f6zleri bize Marxist \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeleri hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>2000 sonras\u0131nda bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ya\u015fanan iflaslarla \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m ya da a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kod i\u015f modeline sahip firmalardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da sahneyi terkeder. Fakat bu sefer de bayra\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetler al\u0131r. Almanya’da, Fransa’da, Brezilya’da, Singapur’da ve \u00c7in’de GNU\/Linux’a ge\u00e7i\u015f projeleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flar. Bu \u00fclkeler, bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki ge\u00e7 kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleriyle giderme yolunu se\u00e7erler .<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Boyle, J. (1996). Shamans, Software, and Slpeens:Law and The Construction of Information Society. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press.
\nCampbell-Kelly, M. (1995). Development and structure of the international software industry, 1950-1990. BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY, Volume 24, no. 2, Winter.
\nCastells, M. (2001a). The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
\nDeLanda,M. (2001). Open-source: Amovement in search of a philosophy. presented at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, Son eri\u015fim 21 Kas\u0131m 2005,http:\/\/www.cddc.vt.edu\/host\/delanda\/pages\/opensource.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\nHamerly, J., Paquin, T. andWalton, S. (1999). Freeing the source, the story of mozilla. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st edition, Son eri\u015fim, 31 Ocak 2005,\u00a0http:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/catalog\/opensources\/book\/toc.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\nOECD (1985). Software: An Emerging Industry. Information Computer Communucations Policy, Paris.
\nSeidel, R.W. (2002). Government and the Emerging Computer Industry. In From 0 to 1: An Authoritative History of Modern Computing.\u00a0 (s. 189\u2013201). New York, NY: Oxford University.<\/p>\n
\nStallman, R.M. (2002). Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. GNU Press\u00a0http:\/\/www.gnupress.org\/<\/a> Free Software Foundation Boston, MA USA.
\nSteinmueller, W. E. (1996). The US Software Industry: An Analysis and Interpretive History (s. 15\u201352). Oxford University Press.
\nTiemann, M. (1999). Future of cygnus solutions : An entrepreneur\u2019s account. Open
\nSources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st edition, Son eri\u015fim 31 Ocak, 2005,http:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/catalog\/opensources\/book\/toc.html<\/a>.
\nTorvalds, L. (1999). The linux edge. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st edition, Son eri\u015fim 31 Ocak, 2005,http:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/catalog\/opensources\/book\/toc.html<\/a>.
\nTorvalds, L. and Diamond, D. (2001). Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary. HarperBusiness.
\nWood, E. M. (1999). The Origin of Capitalism. Monthly Review Press.
\nWayner, P. (2000). Free For All : How Linux and the Free Software Movement
\nUndercut the High-Tech Titans. Son eri\u015fim 15 A\u011fustos 2004,
\nhttp:\/\/www.wayner.org\/books\/ffa\/<\/a>.
\nWilliams, S. (2002). Free as In Freedom, Richard Stallman\u2019s Crusade for Free Software. OReilly, Son eri\u015fim 15 A\u011fustos 2004,http:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/openbook\/freedom\/index.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\nii\u00a0 H\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcr yaz\u0131l\u0131m politikalar\u0131 i\u00e7in:\u00a0http:\/\/sendika.org\/yazi.php?yazi_no=313<\/a>
\niii\u00a0\u00a0 Benzer bir e\u011filim T\u00fcrkiye’de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. T\u00dcB\u0130TAK y\u00f6netiminde geli\u015ftirilen Pardus ve Milli Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ASAL Dairesi’nin Pardus’a ge\u00e7ece\u011fini duyurmas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye’nin ge\u00e7 de olsa yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00f6nemli bir hamledir.
\niv\u00a0\u00a0Yaz\u0131l\u0131m patentleri hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in:\u00a0http:\/\/sendika.org\/yazi.php?yazi_no=1955<\/a> ve\u00a0http:\/\/sendika.org\/yazi.php?yazi_no=1129<\/a> yaz\u0131lar\u0131na bakabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n