{"id":67,"date":"2009-01-10T23:12:10","date_gmt":"2009-01-10T21:12:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=67"},"modified":"2011-12-15T22:32:20","modified_gmt":"2011-12-15T20:32:20","slug":"ozel-mulk-yazilim-ozgur-yazilim-ve-acik-kaynak-kod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=67","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6zel M\u00fclk Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod"},"content":{"rendered":"

Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde s\u0131k duydu\u011fumuz ama \u015fimdi var olan durumu kabullenmi\u015flik i\u00e7inde pek rastlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir ifade var: \u201cSanayi devrimini ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131k, bari bili\u015fim devrimini ka\u00e7\u0131rmayal\u0131m.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu temenni, iki a\u00e7\u0131dan sorunlu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Birincisi, teknoloji, yoldan ge\u00e7erken atlayabilece\u011fimiz bir tren de\u011fildir. Teknoloji, hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131ndad\u0131r; toplumsal hayatla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sanayi devriminin neden ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede de\u011fil de \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin neden sanayile\u015fmekte ge\u00e7 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin izledi\u011fi yolun takip edilmesinin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinin sanayile\u015fmesine ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde katk\u0131 sunaca\u011f\u0131 sorular\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131 salt teknolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7lere indirgenemez. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemede, sosyoekonomik ili\u015fkilerin ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemesi gerekir. Bili\u015fim devrimi ba\u011flam\u0131nda konu\u015fursak, as\u0131l tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken d\u00fcnya sistemine nas\u0131l eklemlenece\u011fimizdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n okullar\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretmenleri Microsoft \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ile donatmas\u0131 da bir tercihtir, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK\u2019\u0131n kamunun kaynaklar\u0131yla kamusal bir i\u015fletim sisteminin geli\u015ftirilmesine destek sunmas\u0131 da…<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci sorun ise, ifadenin \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 olarak ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumluluktur. Sanayi devrimini ka\u00e7\u0131rmaktan bahsediyorsak, ona \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 olarak bir olumluluk atfediyoruz demektir. Sanayi devrimi ve sonras\u0131nda, bilim ve teknoloji alan\u0131ndaki ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc geli\u015fmelerden etkilenmemek, hele \u201ci\u015fi teknoloji olan\u201d biri i\u00e7in olanaks\u0131z. Fakat t\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131k y\u00fcreklili\u011fimizle, sanayi devrimi sonras\u0131nda insano\u011flunun atalar\u0131ndan daha mutlu ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulayal\u0131m. Acaba sanayi devrimi sonras\u0131nda daha e\u015fit ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir d\u00fcnyada m\u0131 ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131k?<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f s\u00fcrecinde, M\u00fchendis Taylor\u2019un elindeki saat kapitalist i\u00e7in zenginli\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7erken, makinenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelen i\u015f\u00e7i i\u00e7in ruhen ve bedenen \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc anlam\u0131na geliyordu. \u00dcstelik bug\u00fcn a\u00e7l\u0131k ve yoksulluk artarak devam ediyorsa ve krizler ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131k eksik \u00fcretimden de\u011fil de, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretimden kaynaklan\u0131yorsa sanayi devrimini ka\u00e7\u0131rmaktan duyulan \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc bir daha g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmemiz gerekmiyor mu?<\/p>\n

Burada \u015f\u00f6yle bir yorum getirilebilir: Teknoloji, farkl\u0131 bir ekonomik sistemde, farkl\u0131 bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Olabilir…<\/p>\n

Teknolojinin farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi anlamlar bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ancak yaz\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u00f6yle bir tezi vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

Bili\u015fim devrimi, \u201cteknolojideki \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerle beraber bilginin \u00fcretiminin, i\u015flenmesinin ve iletiminin, verimlili\u011fin ve iktidar\u0131n temel kayna\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131\u201d (Castells, 2001) s\u00fcreci olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi toplumsal ili\u015fkiler ve bu ili\u015fkilerin sonucu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, i\u00e7inde var oldu\u011fu sosyoekonomik sistem \u00fczerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir potansiyel ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha a\u00e7\u0131k ifade edersek, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulu sistem, enformasyonun toplumsal m\u00fclkiyeti ve bili\u015fim devriminin buna y\u00f6nelik e\u011filimi (\u201cEnformasyon \u00d6zg\u00fcr Olmal\u0131d\u0131r!\u201d) ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcstelik \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, bu durum sistem i\u00e7in reddedilerek kolayca bertaraf edilebilecek bir tehlike de de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi toplumsal ili\u015fkiler ve bunlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sistemi tehdit edici \u00f6\u011feler i\u00e7eren, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda bug\u00fcnk\u00fcnden farkl\u0131, daha ya\u015fanabilir bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n olabilirli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sunan \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na, geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecine ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi \u00e7eli\u015fkilere daha yak\u0131ndan bakmakta fayda var. Bu do\u011frultuda, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n tarihinde k\u0131sa bir gezinti yapaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel M\u00fclk Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Enformasyon, sanayi devriminde de \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin belirleyenlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Ancak bu belirleyicilik bili\u015fim devrimi ile beraber daha ileri bir boyuta ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Bu durumda, Castells\u2019in (2001) de belirtti\u011fi gibi, teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin bilginin \u00fcretim, i\u015flenme ve iletim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda tetikleyici rol\u00fc vard\u0131. Bili\u015fim teknolojilerindeki geli\u015fmeler, sa\u011fl\u0131ktan e\u011fitime, ticaretten sanayiye bir\u00e7ok alan\u0131 etkiledi.<\/p>\n

Teknolojik geli\u015fmeler, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman donan\u0131msal \u00f6\u011felere indirgeniyor. Oysa bili\u015fim teknolojilerinin uygulanmas\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131n, donan\u0131m o kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli de\u011fildir. Standart \u00fcretilen donan\u0131m, \u201cdonan\u0131m\u0131n belirli i\u015flemleri yerine getirmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan komutlar seti\u201dyle (OECD, 1985), yani yaz\u0131l\u0131mla, farkl\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lara g\u00f6re uyarlanabilir.<\/p>\n

1950\u2019lerden ba\u015flayarak, bilgisayarlar\u0131n i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131m hizmetlerine y\u00f6nelik bir piyasan\u0131n olu\u015fumuna \u00f6n ayak olur. Bilgisayar \u00fcreticilerinin, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00f6zelliklerini artt\u0131r\u0131p satmak i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131ma olan gereksinimleri giderek artmaktad\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda zaman\u0131n lider bilgisayar \u00fcreticisi IBM, yaz\u0131l\u0131m hizmetleri ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131 satmaya ba\u015flar. \u0130\u015fte programlama dilleri ve onlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kaynak kodu tarihin bu an\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Programlama dilleri, bilgisayarlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirdi\u011fi gibi \u00fcretici firmalarla kullan\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye yeni bir boyut katar. Firmalar, do\u011frudan amaca y\u00f6nelik yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar \u00fcretmek yerine, bu ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek ara\u00e7lar, programlama dilleri geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flarlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bilgisayar kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, bilgisayara do\u011frudan art\u0131-de\u011fer katk\u0131s\u0131 sunabilecek hale gelir. Bunu, \u015firketlerin ve kurumlar\u0131n, bilgisayarlar\u0131 daha i\u015flevsel kullanmak i\u00e7in kendi b\u00fcnyelerinde yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri olu\u015fturmalar\u0131 takip eder.<\/p>\n

Peki programlama dili nedir?<\/p>\n

Bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m uygulamas\u0131 (web taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, oyunlar, ofis uygulamalar\u0131 vs.) komutlar ve veriler k\u00fcmesinden olu\u015fur. Ekrana, \u201cMerhaba D\u00fcnya\u201d yazan ufak bir uygulama geli\u015ftirmek istedi\u011finizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Programlama dillerinden \u00f6nce, programc\u0131lar bunu bilgisayar\u0131n anlayaca\u011f\u0131 tek dille, makine diliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyorlard\u0131. Makine dili, 0\u2019lardan ve 1\u2019lerden olu\u015fan, kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 zor ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir dildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cMerhaba D\u00fcnya\u201d yazmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakine benzer bir ifade gerekir:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Programlama dilleri ise insan diline daha yak\u0131nd\u0131r ve kolayca anla\u015f\u0131labilir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, ayn\u0131 i\u015flemi yerine getiren C programlama dili ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir program kodu yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Programlama dilleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kaynak kodu, ara yaz\u0131l\u0131mlarla bilgisayarlar\u0131n anlayaca\u011f\u0131 0\u2019lar ve 1\u2019ler k\u00fcmesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yukar\u0131da \u201cMerhaba D\u00fcnya\u201d yazan kodu, ba\u015fka bir i\u00e7erik yazacak hale getirmek programc\u0131 olmayanlar i\u00e7in bile zor de\u011filken, makine dilini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek programc\u0131lar i\u00e7in bile zahmetli olacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle, programla dillerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131ndaki eksik \u00fcretimi giderebilmek yolunda iki a\u00e7\u0131dan ya\u015famsal bir ad\u0131md\u0131r: Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi kolayla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve geli\u015ftirilen yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131labilirli\u011fi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda, bilgisayar \u00fcreten firmalar\u0131n 1950\u2019lerin sonunda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kullan\u0131c\u0131 gruplar\u0131 \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n tarihinin anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bu gruplar, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n kendilerince geli\u015ftirilen yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n kaynak kodlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, IBM taraf\u0131ndan SHARE ad\u0131 verilen bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 grubu olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. 1950\u2019ler ve 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonu, bilgisayar\u0131n donan\u0131mdan ibaret g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, as\u0131l meta olan\u0131n donan\u0131m\u0131n kendisi oldu\u011fu y\u0131llard\u0131r. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, hala donan\u0131m\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki geli\u015ftirilen yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131mlarla bilgisayar\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak isteyen ama yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirimi konusunda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7eken firmalar\u0131n i\u015fine gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Burada, kaynak kodunun bir \u00fcretim arac\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat etmek gerekir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kendisi ba\u015fka nesnelerin \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Fakat kaynak koduyla bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olan yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 di\u011fer \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran \u00f6nemli fark, kendi kendisi i\u00e7in de bir \u00fcretim arac\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin d\u00f6rt i\u015flem yapan bir hesap makinesi program\u0131 yapt\u0131n\u0131z. \u0130\u015fin be\u015f g\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc varsayal\u0131m. Daha sonra da bunu bir derleyici ile bilgisayar\u0131n anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek dil olan 0\/1 dizilerine \u00e7evirdiniz. En sonunda da ilgili program\u0131 bir arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131za satt\u0131n\u0131z. Aradan zaman ge\u00e7ti. Bu arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131za d\u00f6rt i\u015flem yetersiz kalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bilimsel hesap makinesine (Karek\u00f6k, sin\u00fcs, kosin\u00fcs vs. hesaplar\u0131na da yapabilen.) ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor. \u015eimdi ne yapacak? E\u011fer bu arkada\u015f\u0131m\u0131za, d\u00f6rt i\u015flem yapan program\u0131 kaynak koduyla verdiyseniz, o kodun (birikmi\u015f bilginin) \u00fczerine kendisi birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc harcayarak istedi\u011fi \u00f6zellikleri ekleyebilir. E\u011fer sadece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir dosyay\u0131 verdiyseniz yapaca\u011f\u0131 iki \u015fey vard\u0131r. Sizden daha geli\u015fmi\u015f bir program istemek (burada ister istemez size ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kalacakt\u0131r) ya da her \u015feye ba\u015ftan ba\u015flamak, bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle normal bir hesap makinesi yapmak i\u00e7in yeniden fazladan be\u015f g\u00fcn harcamak.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ayr\u0131 varl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131yla beraber var olmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fcs\u00fc hi\u00e7 ak\u0131llara gelmemi\u015ftir. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6zg\u00fcr do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Ama \u00e7ok iyi bilinir ki kapitalizm ko\u015fullar\u0131nda var olan her \u015fey metala\u015fmaktad\u0131r. 1970\u2019lerin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren ya\u015fanan PC devrimiyle beraber, yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisi de h\u0131zla geli\u015fir. Art\u0131k yaz\u0131l\u0131m meta ili\u015fkilerine girmi\u015ftir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ayr\u0131 bir meta olarak sat\u0131labilirli\u011fi ve kaynak kodunun saklanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u015firketleri rekabet konusunda bir ad\u0131m \u00f6ne ge\u00e7irece\u011fi fark edilir. Bu durum, y\u0131llarca var olan yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi bilgi birikimine kendi bilgilerini de katarak di\u011fer yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirenlerle payla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kesimler i\u00e7in son derece rahats\u0131zl\u0131k vericidir.<\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda, \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mla anlat\u0131lmak istenen yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00d6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kaynak kodunun, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u00e7erdi\u011fi bilgi birikiminin \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline getirilip payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesidir.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m Hareketi (\u00d6YH)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

27 Eyl\u00fcl 1983 tarihinde, UNIX kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir haber grubunda \u201cyeni UNIX ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirimi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir duyuru yap\u0131l\u0131r. Duyuru sahibi, Richard Stallman, \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir i\u015fletim sistemi yazaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler; bunun i\u00e7in de zaman, para, program ve donan\u0131m katk\u0131lar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck gereksinimi oldu\u011funu belirtir. (Stallman, 1984b)<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck bir iddiad\u0131r. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bir i\u015fletim sistemi yazmak \u00e7ok kapsaml\u0131 bir i\u015ftir. Ama daha \u00f6nemlisi, katk\u0131lara a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu yazsa da, Stallman yola tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131ndad\u0131r ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya katk\u0131 koyacaklara hi\u00e7bir maddi vaatte bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Stallman geli\u015ftirmeyi hedefledi\u011fi sistemin ad\u0131n\u0131 GNU olarak ifade etmektedir: GNU is Not UNIX. GNU hem bir UNIX sistemi olacakt\u0131r hem de onun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00dcstelik ama\u00e7 sadece teknik olarak bir i\u015fletim sistemi geli\u015ftirmek de\u011fildir; Stallman yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fanan metala\u015fmaya ahlaken kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu da belirtir. GNU, ak\u0131nt\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcrek \u00e7ekmektir ve \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda tarihi bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme i\u015faret eder. Kendinde \u00f6zg\u00fcr olan yaz\u0131l\u0131m, metala\u015fma s\u00fcreci ve buna kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan tepkilerle kendisi i\u00e7in \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. GNU, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen bir toplulu\u011fun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n nesnele\u015fmesini ifade etmektedir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn lideri Stallman\u2019\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda, dikkat \u00e7ekici en \u00f6nemli nokta, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019a \u00fcretim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc perspektifinden yakla\u015f\u0131yor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. GNU projesi tam olarak 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flar. Ard\u0131ndan, Stallman yaz\u0131l\u0131mda kaynak kodunun payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulayan GNU Manifestosu\u2019nu kaleme al\u0131r. GNU Manifestosu \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 en k\u00f6ktenci tav\u0131rd\u0131r ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zihin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r. (Wayner, 2000)<\/p>\n

GNU projesinin amac\u0131 UNIX benzeri bir sistem yaratmaktan \u00f6te, metala\u015fma s\u00fcreci sonras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131m payla\u015fma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden ye\u015fertebilmektir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te bilin\u00e7li bir bi\u00e7ime kavu\u015fur. \u00d6zg\u00fcr kelimesi, \u00d6YH taraf\u0131ndan bilgisayar kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kullanma, kopyalama, de\u011fi\u015ftirebilme ve da\u011f\u0131tabilme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. \u00d6YH, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisinde (Free Software) bulunan \u201cfree\u201d kelimesinin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle ilgili oldu\u011funu, fiyatla ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0131srarla vurgular. Fakat bu vurguya ra\u011fmen, yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6zg\u00fcr payla\u015f\u0131mdan kaynakl\u0131 olarak bir yan etkiyle \u00fccretsiz de olmaktad\u0131r. (Stallman, 2002)<\/p>\n

Stallman, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131 bekleyen en \u00f6nemli tehlikenin fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. Geli\u015ftirilen ve di\u011ferleriyle payla\u015f\u0131lan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ebedi olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmas\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131nda de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, MIT taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen X Pencere Sistemi, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n tamamen \u00f6zg\u00fcr eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat, baz\u0131 \u015firketler X Pencere Sistemi\u2019ni al\u0131p, onu kendilerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirip, geli\u015ftirip \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m olarak satma yoluna gitmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, kullan\u0131c\u0131lara ilk geli\u015ftiricileri taraf\u0131ndan verilen \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, \u015firketlerce gasp edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Stallman, var olan fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 kanunu \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131m \u00f6nerir: Copyleft. Ama\u00e7, \u00f6zg\u00fcr olan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline gelmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mektir. Temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, kullan\u0131c\u0131ya, di\u011ferlerinin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc engellemek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vermektir. GNU GPL (General Public License-Genel Kamu Lisans\u0131) ad\u0131 verilen bu lisansla, kullan\u0131c\u0131 e\u011fer GPLli bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirirse ya da ona eklemelerde bulunursa, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n yeni halini da\u011f\u0131tmak istedi\u011finde yine GPL kullanmak zorundad\u0131r. X Pencere Sistemi \u00f6rne\u011fine d\u00f6nersek, e\u011fer GPL kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, \u015firketler yapt\u0131klar\u0131 eklemeleri ve geli\u015ftirmeleri yine GPL ile da\u011f\u0131tmak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

GPL, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline getirilmesini \u00f6nler. Bunun yan\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 toplumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. GPL\u2019e g\u00f6re yaz\u0131l\u0131m, s\u00fcrekli biriken toplumsal bilgidir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131na bir yerlerden tan\u0131d\u0131k gelecektir: <\/strong>GPL\u2019li bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m, herkesin ihtiyac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 insanlar\u0131n yetenekleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131larla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Stallman\u2019\u0131n bu lisans\u0131 tasarlarken ki yegane amac\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc garanti alt\u0131na almakt\u0131r. Fakat GPL \u201cbir vir\u00fcs gibidir\u201d (De-Landa, 2001); GPL\u2019li bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kullan\u0131p onu di\u011fer yaz\u0131l\u0131mlarla ba\u011flad\u0131k\u00e7a GPL\u2019li yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla artar ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u201czor\u201dla \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Perens (1999), GNU GPL\u2019in politik retori\u011finin baz\u0131 insanlarda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuz etkiye i\u015faret eder. Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r, ama giri\u015fimcilerin yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline getirme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mesiyle yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisini rahats\u0131z etmektedir. Stallman\u2019\u0131n (2002) bu ele\u015ftiriye yan\u0131t\u0131 olduk\u00e7a nettir: GNU\u2019nun hedefi kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr, pop\u00fcler olup herkes\u00e7e sevilmek de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

1983\u2019de \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131ma tepkiyle ba\u015flayan GNU projesi, \u00e7e\u015fitli katk\u0131larla h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcr. 1990\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde, tamamen \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir i\u015fletim sisteminin olabilirli\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki ku\u015fkular da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Wayner, 2000) GNU projesine ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanan \u00e7ok say\u0131da yaz\u0131l\u0131m vard\u0131r ve neredeyse yolun sonuna gelinmi\u015ftir. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, Linus Torvalds\u2019\u0131n, yine GNU ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesiyle beraber t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 sarsacak olan \u00f6zg\u00fcr i\u015fletim sistemi, GNU\/Linux kullan\u0131ma haz\u0131r hale gelir.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pazar \u0130\u00e7in \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m: A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Kapitalizmin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve geli\u015fmesinde, birbirleriyle de ili\u015fkili olan, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ve rekabet gerekli ko\u015fullar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir. (Wood, 1999) Her ikisi de kapitalizmin tarihi boyunca s\u00fcrekli kutsanm\u0131\u015f unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda Stallman\u2019\u0131n 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131mda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete ve fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na sert ele\u015ftiriler y\u00f6neltmesi tarihi bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Stallman (1984a) ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131n\u0131 rekabete y\u00f6neltirken, bunun toplumda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bozulmaya dikkatleri \u00e7eker. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyet ve rekabet, insanlar aras\u0131ndaki dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 zedelemektedir. Var olan yasalar der ki:<\/p>\n

\u201cSen bu yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 dostlar\u0131nla payla\u015famazs\u0131n. Payla\u015f\u0131rsan korsanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f olursun; bu da yasalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda su\u00e7tur.\u201d (a.g.e.)<\/p>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m ile \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m aras\u0131ndaki fark, son kertede \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n (kaynak kodunun) toplumsal ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti aras\u0131ndaki fark olsa da projeye katk\u0131da bulunanlar farkl\u0131 g\u00fcd\u00fclerle hareket ederler. Herkes Stallman gibi \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin toplumsal ili\u015fkilerde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuz etkiye kar\u015f\u0131 koyma g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcyle hareket etmemektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019a katk\u0131lar\u0131, sadece g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015fleri nedeniyledir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131 koyma nedeni sadece programc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011flenceli bulmalar\u0131yken, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise koyduklar\u0131 katk\u0131larla \u00fcn sa\u011flay\u0131p gelecekteki kariyerlerine parlak ba\u015far\u0131lar eklemek ister. \u00d6nemli bir k\u0131s\u0131m programc\u0131 ise sadece teknik bilgisini geli\u015ftirmeyi hedefler. \u00d6zetle, GNU projesi heterojen bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir ve GPL sayesinde katk\u0131lar birikmektedir. Bug\u00fcn \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019a katk\u0131 koyan bir \u00f6\u011frenci, yar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f adam\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fse de GPL eklenen kaynak kodunun toplumsal m\u00fclkiyetini garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131p gelecek kullan\u0131c\u0131lara\/\u00fcreticilere bu toplumsal miras\u0131 aktar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak \u015f\u00f6yle bir \u00e7eli\u015fki mevcuttur: \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyeti kutsayan bir sistemin belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u015firketleri, karlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m olgusuna g\u00f6z yummak, hatta onu desteklemek zorunda kalmaktad\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, kapitalist sistem, kendi mezar kaz\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na mecbur kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu problemin \u00fcstesinden gelmek isteyen \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n liderleri 1997\u2019de Kaliforniya\u2019da bir araya gelir. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda Eric Raymond\u2019dan Tim O\u2019Reilly\u2019e kadar \u00e7ok say\u0131da tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f insan yer almaktad\u0131r. Stallman davetli de\u011fildir. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00d6YH\u2019nin anti-kapitalist s\u00f6yleminin i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019a yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engeli olu\u015fturdu\u011fudur. Bu nedenle \u00f6nce \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilir, art\u0131k onun ad\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod\u2019dur. Ayr\u0131ca etik de\u011ferler ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00fczerine kurulu s\u00f6ylem hemen terk edilmelidir. Bundan b\u00f6yle temel arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 teknik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck ve firmalara sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 karl\u0131l\u0131k olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda ne Stallman ne de \u00d6YH i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilere kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Hatta Stallman hayat\u0131n\u0131 \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019dan kazan\u0131r; \u00d6YH, GNU projesini bu \u015fekilde finanse eder. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n dikkatini 1990\u2019lar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ekmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m i\u015f modelleri uzun s\u00fcredir vard\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n temeli \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00f6zetlenebilir:<\/p>\n

\u201cProgramc\u0131lardan yetenekleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde katk\u0131 almak ve onlara ihtiyac\u0131 olan ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flamak.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m i\u015f modellerinin temeli ise, \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m lisans\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmadan, firmalar\u0131n, ihtiyac\u0131 olanlara belirli bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hizmet sunmas\u0131\u201dd\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin herhangi bir \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in yeterli bilginiz yok ya da onu de\u011fi\u015ftirip kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131za uyarlayacak programc\u0131l\u0131k bilgisine sahip de\u011filsiniz. Bu durumda istedi\u011finiz hizmetin \u00fccretini \u00f6dersiniz. Firma kesinlikle toplumsal m\u00fclkiyete el koyamaz, sadece bir art\u0131 de\u011fer sa\u011flay\u0131p bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r; bu art\u0131-de\u011fer kaynak kodu niteli\u011findeyse toplumsal m\u00fclkiyete katk\u0131da da bulunmu\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

Bu \u015firketler \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n dinamikleri de de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flar. \u015eirketler yeni projeler ba\u015flat\u0131rlar. Sonu\u00e7ta, kendini lisanslarda g\u00f6steren m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinde \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flar. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m firmalar\u0131 ile \u00f6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiren firmalar aras\u0131nda bir yak\u0131nsama olu\u015fur. A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod firmalar\u0131, gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri durumlarda \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine \u00f6zel sahipli yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 eklemekte teredd\u00fct etmezler. GPL buna izin vermemektedir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kimi firmalar yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline gelmesine izin veren A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod lisanslar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan lisanslar\u0131 tercih etmeye ba\u015flar. \u00d6zel m\u00fclk yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00fcreten firmalar ise yine ayn\u0131 lisans yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla yeni i\u015f modelleri kurarlar. (Smith, 2002) Kapitalizmle kurulan yeni ili\u015fkiler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yeni lisanslar olu\u015furken, bilginin s\u00fcrekli toplumsal birikimini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan GPL, gerek baz\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri, gerekse de Microsoft taraf\u0131ndan istenmeyen lisans ilan edilir. A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod\u2019a ilgisini olumlu c\u00fcmlelerle ifade eden Microsoft, s\u0131k s\u0131k GPL ile aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin uzla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder. (Lessig, 2002)<\/p>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m ile A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n tarihsel seyrinin anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli temel noktalardan biridir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bu \u00e7atalla\u015fma bir bak\u0131ma \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n kapitalizm taraf\u0131ndan asimilasyonudur. A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod taraftarlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d kelimesi bile i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 rahats\u0131z edebilece\u011finden sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r. (Dibona ve di\u011ferleri, 1999) A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod\u2019daki a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k onlar i\u00e7in teknik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckt\u00fcr, h\u0131zd\u0131r ve elbette ki kard\u0131r. Richardson\u2019un (2001) belirtti\u011fi gibi A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in ehlile\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Stallman (2002) bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 68 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ayr\u0131mlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6rg\u00fctler, ayn\u0131 hedefi g\u00fctmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n uygulanacak stratejinin detaylar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden birbirlerine d\u00fc\u015fer ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flar. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki bunun tam tersidir. Her iki taraf\u0131n da farkl\u0131 hedefleri vard\u0131r; ama toplumsal pratikleri ile ayn\u0131 yolda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar. Birbirlerinin projelerine destek verirler.<\/p>\n

Ancak, bili\u015fim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131n gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik durumlarda (bkz. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m Patentleri, Trusted Computing, Cloud Computing vs), iki taraf niceliksel ve niteliksel olarak \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 tepkiler g\u00f6sterebilmektedir. Son tahlilde, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u2019da belirleyici olan\u0131n \u00fcretim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve yaz\u0131l\u0131ma e\u015fit eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 oldu\u011fu, A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod\u2019da ise \u015firketlerin karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve verimlili\u011fi oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod ve onun kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 Kapal\u0131 Kaynak Kod, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\/\u00d6zel M\u00fclk Yaz\u0131l\u0131m ikilisinin aksine m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerini gizlemektedir.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Neden \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m?<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m tarihinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu k\u0131sa gezintiden sonra \u201cNeden \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m?\u201d sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131 daha rahat verilebilir. Stallman\u2019\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi bug\u00fcn \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\/A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod projelerine katk\u0131da bulunan ve farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7lar g\u00fcden insanlar\/topluluklar var. \u00d6ncelikle unutulmamas\u0131 gereken, hala kapitalist bir sistemde ya\u015f\u0131yoruz ve bu projelere destek veren b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlerin her biri de bu sistemin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve destek\u00e7isi. O y\u00fczden \u00d6YH ile bu \u015firketlerin ili\u015fkisi p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz de\u011fil ve daha yak\u0131ndan incelenmeli. \u00d6YH\u2019yi, Novell\u2019e ve SUSE Linux\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bir boykot kampanyas\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeye iten nedenleri dikkate almak gerekiyor. (bkz. http:\/\/boycottnovell.com)<\/p>\n

\u015eirketlerin s\u00f6ylemini ve onlar\u0131n pazarlama stratejilerini bir kenara b\u0131rakal\u0131m. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, ancak, insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, halk\u0131n enformasyona e\u015fit eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131, tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi \u00f6n\u00fcne koyan genel bir bili\u015fim stratejisinin bile\u015feni oldu\u011funda anlam kazanacakt\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda,<\/p>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m’\u0131 destekliyoruz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc;<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Bireyin, \t\u00fcretim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc destekliyoruz.<\/li>\n
  • \u0130nsanlar\u0131 \tbirbirini yok etmeye vard\u0131ran bir rekabeti de\u011fil, dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \tve payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 destekliyoruz.<\/li>\n
  • E-Demokrasi \tve \u0130nternet\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, ancak toplumun \tgenelinin \u0130nternet\u2019e e\u015fit eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir \ttoplumda anlam kazanacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, s\u00fcrekli \tbiriken toplumsal bilgi olarak \tde\u011ferlendirir. Bu birikimden faydalanmak ve onu zenginle\u015ftirmek \thalk\u0131m\u0131za ve d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fumuzdur.<\/li>\n
  • \u00d6zg\u00fcr \tYaz\u0131l\u0131m bize, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin, zorunlu i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ve \tyabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n zorunluluk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ya\u015fanabilir ba\u015fka \tbir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    diyebilmemiz gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Kaynaklar<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Castells, M. (2001). The Rise of The Network Society. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.<\/p>\n

    DeLanda, M. (2001). Open-source: A movement in search of a philosophy. presented at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, Son eri\u015fim 21-11-2005, http:\/\/www.cddc.vt.edu\/host\/delanda\/pages\/opensource.htm.<\/p>\n

    DiBona, C., Ockman, S. ve Stone, M. (1999). Introduction. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st edition, Son eri\u015fim 31-12-2005, from http:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/catalog\/opensources\/book\/toc.html.<\/p>\n

    Lessig, L. (2002). Open source baselines: Compared to what? Government Policy toward Open Source Software, AEI-Brookings Joint Center For Regulatory Studies (pp. 50\u201368).<\/p>\n

    OECD (1985). Software: An Emerging Industry. Information Computer Communucations Policy, Paris.<\/p>\n

    Perens, B. (1999). The open source de\ufb01nition. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st edition, Son eri\u015fim 31-12-2005, from http:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/catalog\/opensources\/book\/toc.html.<\/p>\n

    Richardson, J. (2001). Free software & gpl society \u2014interview with stefan merten, oekonux, Son eri\u015fim 5-12-2005, http:\/\/www.free-soft.org\/FSM\/english\/issue01\/smerten.html<\/p>\n

    Smith, B. L. (2002). The future of software: Enabling the marketplace to decide. Government Policy toward Open Source Software, AEI-Brookings Joint Center For Regulatory Studies (pp. 69\u201386).<\/p>\n

    Stallman, R. (1984a). The gnu manifesto. Son eri\u015fim 5-12-2004 from , http:\/\/www.gnu.org\/gnu\/manifesto.html.<\/p>\n

    Stallman, R. (1984b). Initial announcement. http:\/\/www.gnu.org\/gnu\/gnu-history.html.<\/p>\n

    Stallman, R. M. (2002). Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. GNU Press www.gnupress.org Free Software Foundation Boston, MA USA.<\/p>\n

    Wayner, P. (2000). Free For All : How Linux and the Free Software Movement Undercut the High-Tech Titans. Son eri\u015fim 15-08-2004, from http:\/\/www.wayner.org\/books\/ffa\/.<\/p>\n

    Wood, E. M. (1999). The Origin of Capitalism. Monthly Review Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde s\u0131k duydu\u011fumuz ama \u015fimdi var olan durumu kabullenmi\u015flik i\u00e7inde pek rastlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir ifade var: \u201cSanayi devrimini ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131k, bari bili\u015fim devrimini ka\u00e7\u0131rmayal\u0131m.\u201d Bu temenni, iki a\u00e7\u0131dan sorunlu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Birincisi, teknoloji, yoldan ge\u00e7erken atlayabilece\u011fimiz bir tren de\u011fildir. Teknoloji, hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131ndad\u0131r; toplumsal hayatla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sanayi devriminin neden ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede de\u011fil de \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin neden sanayile\u015fmekte ge\u00e7 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin izledi\u011fi yolun takip edilmesinin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinin sanayile\u015fmesine ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde katk\u0131 sunaca\u011f\u0131 sorular\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131 salt teknolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7lere indirgenemez. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemede, sosyoekonomik ili\u015fkilerin ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemesi gerekir. Bili\u015fim devrimi ba\u011flam\u0131nda konu\u015fursak, as\u0131l<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,3],"tags":[16,6,8,11,7,9],"class_list":["post-67","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fikri-mulkiyet","category-ozgur_yazilim","tag-fikri-mulkiyet-2","tag-free-software","tag-gnu","tag-hackers","tag-open-source","tag-stallman"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=67"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":108,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67\/revisions\/108"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=67"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=67"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=67"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}