{"id":765,"date":"2021-07-24T18:27:41","date_gmt":"2021-07-24T15:27:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=765"},"modified":"2021-07-24T18:28:51","modified_gmt":"2021-07-24T15:28:51","slug":"cinin-teknoloji-politikalari-ve-huawei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=765","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7in’in Teknoloji Politikalar\u0131 ve Huawei"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\nDonald Trump d\u00f6neminde \u00c7inli \u015firketlerin faaliyetlerini k\u0131s\u0131tlamak\namac\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hatta Huawei’in Mali \u0130\u015fler\nBa\u015fkan\u0131 Meng Wanzhou, ABD’de ba\u015flat\u0131lan soru\u015fturma kapsam\u0131nda 1\nAral\u0131k 2018’de Kanada’da g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Meng Wanzhou\nayn\u0131 zamanda Huawei’in kurucusu Ren Zhengfei’nin de k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131.\nAncak g\u00f6zalt\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncesine ve sonras\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ABD’nin\nbu hamlesinin Trump’\u0131n fevri hareketlerinden biri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. ABD y\u00f6netimi, uzunca bir s\u00fcredir ba\u015fta Huawei olmak\n\u00fczere \u00c7inli \u015firketleri bir tehdit olarak alg\u0131l\u0131yor ve\n\u015firketlerin faaliyetlerini yaln\u0131zca ABD’de de\u011fil, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada\nk\u0131s\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Joe Biden’in se\u00e7imi kazanmas\u0131ndan\nsonra yap\u0131lan ilk a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ABD’nin \u00c7inli \u015firketlere kar\u015f\u0131\npolitikas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Beyaz Saray Bas\u0131n\nSekreteri Jen Psaki\n(https:\/\/pandaily.com\/president-biden-reviews-u-s-china-relations-and-huawei-dispute\/<\/a>)\nve Biden’in Ticaret Sekreterli\u011fi adaylar\u0131ndan Gina Raimondo\n(https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-02-04\/biden-commerce-pick-sees-no-reason-to-pull-huawei-from-blacklist<\/a>)\ntaraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda \u00c7inli \u015firketlere kar\u015f\u0131 bir\nyumu\u015faman\u0131n olmayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei’in kurucusu Ren Zhengfei ise ABD y\u00f6netiminin bu tavr\u0131na\nkar\u015f\u0131n \u015eubat ay\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada ABD ile Huawei\naras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerde beyaz bir sayfa a\u00e7ma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda\nbulundu. Huawei, May\u0131s 2019’dan beri ABD Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sanayi\nve G\u00fcvenlik B\u00fcrosunun kara listesinde yer al\u0131yor. ABD firmalar\u0131n\u0131n\nlistedeki \u015firketlere teknoloji ihra\u00e7 etmeleri k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131yor. Bu\nyasak, Huawei’nin ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefon i\u015fini olumsuz etkilemi\u015f durumda.\nZhengfei, ABD ile ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczeltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen\nABD’nin kara listesinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n olanaks\u0131z olmasa da\n\u00e7ok zor oldu\u011funun fark\u0131nda. Ancak Zhengfei, \u015fartlar ne olursa\nolsun (medyada \u00e7\u0131kan kimi haberlerin aksine) ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefon i\u015fini\nb\u0131rakmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 fakat 5G teknolojisini ABD’ye transfer\nedebileceklerini belirtiyor. Gerekirse 5G teknolojisi hakk\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm\nkaynak kodunu, donan\u0131m tasar\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fcretim bilgisini\n(know-how) ABD ile payla\u015fmaya haz\u0131r olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor\n(https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202102\/1215453.shtml<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n5G’deki lider konumunun yan\u0131nda son y\u0131llarda \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda da\nfaaliyet g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flayan Huawei; k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeydeki\nfaaliyetleri, \u00c7in y\u00f6netimi ile ili\u015fkisi, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi sermaye emek\nili\u015fkileri (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Zhengfei \u015firketin toplam hisselerinin\nyaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 1,14’\u00fcne sahip ve kalan hisseler, Huawei’nin \u00c7inli\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 katmanlarda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor.) ile\nilgin\u00e7 bir \u015firket. Bu yaz\u0131da, \u00c7in’in teknoloji politikalar\u0131n\u0131n\nHuawei’nin geli\u015fimine etkilerini ele alaca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei, \u00c7in’in en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc B\u0130T \u015firketi de de\u011fil. ABD’nin\nG-MAFIA’s\u0131na (Google, Microsoft, Apple, Facebook, IBM ve Amazon)\nkar\u015f\u0131 \u00c7in’i BAT’\u0131 var (Baidu, Alibaba ve Tencent). Buna kar\u015f\u0131n\nHuawei, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc geli\u015fim modeliyle \u00c7in’in BT’deki geli\u015fiminin\nparadoksal do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin \u015firket g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn\nk\u00fcreselle\u015fmesini anlamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyor. Yun Wen’in The\nHuawei Model<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda\ntart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Huawei’nin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, \u00c7in’in dijital\nekonomisinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ile i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f durumda ve Huawei’nin\nhikayesi, \u00c7inli yerli y\u00fcksek teknoloji i\u015fletmelerinin sosyalist\nbir ekonomiden piyasa ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemindeki y\u00fckseli\u015fini\ntemsil ediyor. Bunun yan\u0131nda, Huawei’nin devlete ait bir \u015firket\nolmamas\u0131; \u00c7in devleti, ulus\u00f6tesi sermaye ve devlete ait di\u011fer\nyerli \u015firketlerle daha karma\u015f\u0131k etkile\u015fimlere girmesine neden\noluyor. Bu nedenle, yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Zhengfei’nin\na\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi Huawei ABD’nin\nkar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00c7inli bir \u015firket olarak de\u011fil de ulusa\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir\n\u015firket gibi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Huawei ile devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u015firket olan\nZTE aras\u0131nda hem \u00c7in i\u00e7inde hem de \u00c7in d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda k\u0131yas\u0131ya bir\nrekabet var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nAncak Cisco, IBM, Google vb ne kadar ABD’liyse Huawei de o kadar\n\u00c7inli. Huawei’in ulus\u00f6tesile\u015fmesi, \u00c7in’in ulus\u00f6tesi a\u011f\naltyap\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc geni\u015fletmeye ve k\u00fcresel\nekonomi politi\u011findeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden \u015fekillendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\n\u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin d\u0131\u015f politika \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla yak\u0131ndan\nba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131. Bu nedenle, Huawei’in y\u00fckseli\u015fi ABD ve \u00c7in’i;\n\u00e7e\u015fitli uluslararas\u0131 \u015firketleri kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nAyr\u0131ca Huawei ve di\u011fer \u00c7inli \u015firketlerin pratikleri, yerli\nteknolojinin ne ve nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sorusunun da yan\u0131t\u0131.\nHuawei’nin stratejik b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi teknolojik yenili\u011fiyle yak\u0131ndan\nilgili ve \u015firket olabildi\u011fince yabanc\u0131 teknolojilere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\nazaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. ABD’li yetkililer Huawei’nin kara listede\nkalmas\u0131 konusunda \u0131srarc\u0131lar; Zhengfei hala ABD y\u00f6netimi ile bir\ndiyalog kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ama Huawei, (kendisinin ve di\u011fer\n\u00c7inli \u015firketlerin daha \u00f6nce de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi!) ABD’nin\nk\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n etkilememek i\u00e7in Ar-Ge faaliyetlerine devam\nediyor; \u00f6rne\u011fin Android’in yerine kullan\u0131labilecek yeni bir\ni\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor\n(https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-54104934<\/a>\n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u00c7in’in son 30 y\u0131ldaki at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir? Baz\u0131\nara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7in’in Mao sonras\u0131\nreformlar\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131yor. \u00c7in’in, \u00c7in’e \u00f6zg\u00fc bir\nneoliberalizme veya bir kapitalist restorasyona do\u011fru kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc\nbir bi\u00e7imde ilerledi\u011fini vurguluyorlar. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise Mao\nd\u00f6neminin toplumsal miras\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemin \u00c7in’in\nend\u00fcstriyel temelini att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyor ama \u00c7in’in benzersiz\nolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara g\u00f6re \u00c7in de di\u011fer\nkapitalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerden biri. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00c7in’in kapitalist\ny\u00f6nelimini kabul etmekle beraber \u00c7in’in neoliberalizm y\u00f6nelimli\nkapitalizmden farkl\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletin \u00f6ncelikleri ve stratejik\nsanayile\u015fmeyi belirledi\u011fi bir kapitalizm yolunda ilerledi\u011fini\nsavunan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar da var. Siyaset bilimci Lin Chun ise \u00c7in’in\ngeli\u015fimini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen bir \u00e7ok tezde \u00c7in’in\nsosyalist miras\u0131n\u0131n ele\u015ftirel olarak de\u011ferlendirilmedi\u011fini\nsavunuyor. Lin Chun, \u00c7in modelinin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\n“sosyal-kalk\u0131nmac\u0131-ulusal” bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede tan\u0131ml\u0131yor.\nLin Chun’a g\u00f6re sosyalizm, \u00c7in devletinin e\u015fitlik ve sosyal\nadalete ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; kalk\u0131nmac\u0131l\u0131k, geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\n\u00fcstesinden gelme ve Bat\u0131’ya “yeti\u015fme” \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131;\nulusalc\u0131l\u0131k, ulusal in\u015fa ve kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in ulusal tutkuyu ifade\nediyor. Birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bu \u00fc\u00e7 boyut, \u00c7in’in sosyalist\nmodernli\u011finin ve kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n temellerini olu\u015fturuyor. Yuezhi\nZhao ise Mao sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemi a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in “sosyalist yol”\nve “kapitalist yol” gibi bir ayr\u0131m\u0131n \u00c7in’in kalk\u0131nma\nstratejisini a\u00e7\u0131klamada yetersiz olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor (Wen,\n2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nT\u00fcm bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde \u00c7in’in neoliberal ezberin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na\n\u00e7\u0131karak kalk\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u00c7in, devletin kendini\npasif d\u00fczenleyici bir rolle s\u0131n\u0131rlayarak ekonominin i\u015fleyi\u015fini\ntamamen piyasa dinamiklerine b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 savunan neoliberal\nvaazlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak farkl\u0131 bir kalk\u0131nma modeli\ngeli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u00c7in’e \u00f6zg\u00fc modelin \u00fc\u00e7 temel bile\u015feni bulunuyor: Devlet, yabanc\u0131\nyat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve ulusal \u015firketler. Bu \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fka yerlerde bir\naraya geldi\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rnekler olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Emiro\u011flu’nun\n(2016) belirtti\u011fi gibi \u00c7in \u00f6rne\u011finin en b\u00fcy\u00fck fark\u0131 devletin\nbu s\u00fcreci aktif bir rol \u00fcstlenerek y\u00fcr\u00fctmesi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n“\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc sistem”\nmodeli olarak bilinen bu yap\u0131da, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ilgili\nsekt\u00f6re bilgi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve ulusal end\u00fcstrinin teknoloji\nd\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. Kamu iktisadi\nkurulu\u015flar\u0131, ulusal firmalar ve ulusal sermaye ise sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ana\nyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ve sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn geli\u015fimini sa\u011flayan\nunsurlard\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc mekanizma olan devlet ise t\u00fcm bu s\u00fcreci\naktif y\u00fcr\u00fcten, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 hem te\u015fvik eden hem de\nkontrol alt\u0131nda tutan, kamu iktisadi kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ile piyasay\u0131\ny\u00f6neten, devlet bankalar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sekt\u00f6r\u00fc finanse eden\nve di\u011fer t\u00fcm mekanizmalar\u0131 aktif olarak y\u00f6neten ana mekanizmad\u0131r.\nDevlet, sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn t\u00fcm bu dinamiklerini kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmakta ve\na\u011f i\u00e7indeki ili\u015fkileri aktif olarak y\u00f6netmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nYaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131nda da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi bu \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki\netkile\u015fim olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00c7in, ba\u015ftan sonra her \u015feyi\nplanlayarak ilerlemedi. Yaparak \u00f6\u011frenme s\u00fcrecinde, geri ad\u0131mlar\nve hatalar vard\u0131. Ama hi\u00e7bir zaman teknolojik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\nhedefini terk etmediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nElbette her \u00fclkenin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyodinamikleri vard\u0131r. \u00c7in,\nT\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in birebir model olamaz. Ancak ayn\u0131 durum, hatta daha\nfazlas\u0131, neoliberal paradigma i\u00e7inde kalarak kalk\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\ni\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00c7in’in teknolojiyi\nyerlile\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilecek \u00e7ok ders var. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mao\nD\u00f6neminde Sanayile\u015fme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\nMao d\u00f6nemindeki kendine yeterli sanayi kalk\u0131nma politikalar\u0131\n1980’lerden sonra yerini ihracata y\u00f6nelik ve DYY’ye (Foreign direct\ninvestment – Do\u011frudan Yabanc\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m) dayal\u0131 sanayile\u015fmeye\nb\u0131rakt\u0131. Bu s\u00fcrece, neoliberal g\u00f6zl\u00fcklerle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda\nHuawei’nin ve di\u011fer \u00c7inli \u015firketlerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7in’in Mao\nsonras\u0131 reform ve a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k politikalar\u0131na ba\u011flamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.\nFakat Wen’in (2020) vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Mao sonras\u0131 politika\nde\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, \u00c7in’in B\u0130T sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fiminin gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131\nve \u00c7in’in d\u00fcnya sistemine entegrasyonunun do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 tamamen\nde\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f olsa da Mao d\u00f6neminin i\u00e7 birikimi, \u00fclkenin reform\nd\u00f6nemine daha elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullarda girmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n1949’daki Kom\u00fcnist Devrim \u00f6ncesinde telekom\u00fcnikasyon altyap\u0131s\u0131\nson derece zay\u0131f ve e\u015fitsiz bi\u00e7imde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcm\n\u00fclkeyi kapsayan ulusal bir a\u011f yoktu. Geli\u015fmi\u015f telekom\u00fcnikasyon\nsistemleri sahil kentlerinde yo\u011funken k\u0131rsal kesimlerde telefon\nhatlar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc. Yerli elektronik ve\ntelekom\u00fcnikasyon firmalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fcretim kapasiteleri\nyoktu. 1953’ten sonra sosyalist modernle\u015fme ve sanayile\u015fmenin h\u0131z\nkazanmas\u0131yla elektronik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, \u00f6ncelikli sekt\u00f6rlerden biri\nolarak tan\u0131mland\u0131. 1956’dan itibaren, “1956’dan 1967’ye kadar\nBilim ve Teknolojinin Geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in Uzun Vadeli Plan”\n\u00e7er\u00e7evesinde elektronik alan\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli projeler y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc.\nUlusal savunma \u00f6n plandayd\u0131 ve projeler, telekom\u00fcnikasyon ve yay\u0131n\nsistemleri, radyo elektroni\u011fi, yar\u0131 iletken teknolojisi ve\nbilgisayar ve radyo teknolojisi gibi alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermekteydi. Bu\nd\u00f6nemde, SSCB ve Do\u011fu Almanya’n\u0131n teknik ve finansal deste\u011fi\nvard\u0131. \u0130lk Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Plan’\u0131n (1953-1957) sonunda \u00c7in,\nkablosuz ileti\u015fim cihazlar\u0131, otomatikle\u015ftirilmi\u015f telefon\nanahtarlar\u0131, yay\u0131n vericileri gibi bile\u015fenleri \u00fcretebilir hale\ngeldi. Bu d\u00f6nemde elektronik end\u00fcstrisi y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama y\u00fczde\n49,5 oran\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ve \u00f6zellikle telekom\u00fcnikasyon alan\u0131nda\n\u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131. 1960’a gelindi\u011finde k\u0131rsal alanda\ntelefon abonelerinin say\u0131s\u0131 920.000’e (1951’deki abone say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n\nneredeyse 20 kat\u0131!) yakla\u015ft\u0131. Daha \u00f6nemlisi, k\u0131rsal alandaki\ntelefon hatlar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi k\u0131rsal alandaki sanayile\u015fmenin de\ntemellerini att\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nAncak 1960’larda \u00c7in ve SSCB aras\u0131ndaki sorunlar nedeniyle SSCB\nelektronik alandaki t\u00fcm teknik deste\u011fini geri \u00e7ekti. Ayr\u0131ca\nuluslararas\u0131 ortamdaki riskleri dikkate alan Mao, temel sanayiye\ndaha fazla \u00f6nem verdi ve k\u0131y\u0131 \u015fehirlerinden \u00e7ok i\u00e7 kesimlerdeki\nend\u00fcstriyel in\u015faya odakland\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde, \u00c7in’in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve\nyerli teknoloji geli\u015ftirmesi \u00fczerinde durulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu\ndo\u011frultuda, elektronik ve telekom\u00fcnikasyon i\u015fletmeleri; n\u00fckleer,\nf\u00fcze savunmas\u0131 ve havac\u0131l\u0131k teknolojileri gibi ordunun geli\u015fimini\n\u00f6n planda tutacak bi\u00e7imde yeniden d\u00fczenlendi. 1960’lar\u0131n ikinci\nyar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren uygulanan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cephe Plan\u0131 ile \u00c7in’in\nsanayisi yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve\nD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Planlar’da elektronik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc yine\n\u00f6ncelikli sekt\u00f6rlerden biriydi ve askeri g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc sanayile\u015fmede\n\u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Bunun sonucunda, 1960’ta 460 olan fabrika\nsay\u0131s\u0131 2500’e y\u00fckseldi. Sichuan, Guizhou ve Shanxi’de, daha sonra\n“K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cephe Plan\u0131”n\u0131n omurgas\u0131n\u0131\nolu\u015fturacak olan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli elektronik sanayi \u00fcsleri\nkuruldu. Buradaki i\u015fletmeler, reform d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in’in B\u0130T\nsanayisinin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve \u00fclkenin \u00fcretim\nkapasitesinin yeniden in\u015fa edilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir oynad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nK\u0131sacas\u0131 Wen’in (2020) \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcnk\u00fc modern\n\u00c7in, ne g\u00f6kten zembille indi ne de sadece reform d\u00f6neminin bir\n\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc. Mao d\u00f6nemindeki sanayile\u015fme sonucunda uydu,\ntelekom\u00fcnikasyon ekipman\u0131 ve bilgisayar teknolojileri gibi birka\u00e7\nstratejik sekt\u00f6rde \u00f6nemli at\u0131l\u0131mlar yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1964’de dijital\nbilgisayar geli\u015ftirildi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l simetrik kablo ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131\ntelefon sistemleri ve mikrodalga kablolar\u0131 piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.\n1966’da ilk \u00c7in yap\u0131m\u0131 entegre devreler piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve o\ng\u00fcnden beri de bu devrelerin geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00fcretimi\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor. Bu ba\u011flamda, Wen’in (2020) belirttti\u011fi gibi,\n\u00c7in’in Mao d\u00f6nemindeki kalk\u0131nma modeli sadece d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lere bir\nyan\u0131t de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda farkl\u0131 bir modernite aray\u0131\u015f\u0131yd\u0131.\n\u00dclkenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kalk\u0131nma modeli, \u00f6ncelikle Bat\u0131’ya ait\nteknolojilerin veya kapitalist t\u00fcketim ili\u015fkilerinin g\u00f6z\u00fc kapal\u0131\nbi\u00e7imde ithalinin reddine dayan\u0131yordu. Elektronik ve\ntelekom\u00fcnikasyon end\u00fcstrileri, askeri ve savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131\ni\u015flevlerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda temel sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama ve\nsosyalist e\u015fitlik gibi ama\u00e7lara da sahipti. Bu d\u00f6nemde y\u00f6netim,\nsermaye azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 emek kaynaklar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla\ntelafi etmeye, e\u011fitimli, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve disiplinli bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc\nolu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclen durumlarda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc\nkitlesel halde ba\u015fka yerlere aktar\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc\nCephe Plan\u0131’yla yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rt milyon i\u015f\u00e7i, teknisyen ve\nm\u00fchendis, k\u0131y\u0131 \u015fehirlerinden i\u00e7erdeki sanayi \u00fcslerine ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.\nBurada Wen’in (2020) i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi \u00f6z g\u00fcvenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi\nb\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6znelli\u011finin \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi \u00fczerine\nin\u015fa ediliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u00c7in’in bir di\u011fer ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011fi teorik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ve\nlaboratuvar deneylerine dayal\u0131 do\u011frusal s\u00fcre\u00e7ten farkl\u0131 olarak\nsonu\u00e7 odakl\u0131 “yaparak \u00f6\u011frenme”ye ba\u015fvurmalar\u0131yd\u0131.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7in’in ilk elektronik devresinin inovasyonunda, m\u00fchendis\nve teknisyenlerin i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretim b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne\ng\u00f6nderilmesi ve burada \u00e7e\u015fitli deneylere giri\u015fmeleri etkili\nolmu\u015ftu. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mla, kolektif ak\u0131l ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6znelli\u011fi\n\u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131labiliyordu. “Yaparak \u00f6\u011frenme”\nyakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Mao sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n1970’lerde uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerdeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler sonucunda\n\u00c7in’in stratejik tercihlerinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikler oldu ve y\u00f6netim,\nd\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131lar aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 ekonomi,\notar\u015fik ve askeri y\u00f6nelimli yap\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131yr\u0131larak sivil bir\nekonomiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1970’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda “4-3\nPlan\u0131” do\u011frultusunda Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinden teknoloji transferi\nve makine ithali amac\u0131yla 4,3 milyar dolarl\u0131k bir yat\u0131r\u0131m\nyap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu plan, 1950’lerde SSCB yard\u0131m\u0131yla geli\u015ftirilen 156\nulusal projeden sonraki ikinci a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m plan\u0131yd\u0131. 1972’de Kanadal\u0131\ntelekom \u015firketi Nortel Networks, \u00c7in’de iletim ekipman\u0131 satmaya\nba\u015flayan ilk Bat\u0131l\u0131 telekom\u00fcnikasyon \u015firketi oldu. \u0130\u00e7\npiyasalara y\u00f6nelik renkli televizyon t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi\ni\u00e7in Bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleriyle teknoloji transferine ve temel bile\u015fenlerin\nithaline dayanan ili\u015fkiler kuruldu. \u00c7in, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyayla a\u011f\nba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. 1971’de \u00c7in’in telefon ve telgraf\na\u011flar\u0131n\u0131, ABD ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k’a ba\u011flayan a\u011flar yenilendi.\n1972’de Pekin, \u015eangay, San Francisco ve Toronto aras\u0131ndaki ilk veri\niletim hatt\u0131 kuruldu. Mao’nun son d\u00f6nemlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu\nd\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmayla \u00c7in k\u00fcresel pazarlarla ba\u011flant\u0131 kuruyordu ama\ndaha \u00f6nemlisi \u00c7in, Bat\u0131 i\u00e7in bakir bir pazard\u0131. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nMao D\u00f6neminden Sonraki\nReformlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\nMao d\u00f6neminden sonra ise kalk\u0131nmac\u0131 ideolojinin yerini ekonomik\nb\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi hedefleyen “sosyalist piyasa reformu” ald\u0131. Bu\nge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminde ekonomik yap\u0131, askeri y\u00f6nelimli a\u011f\u0131r sanayiden\nemek yo\u011fun hafif sanayiye ve t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimine\nkaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, elektronik ve telekom\u00fcnikasyon\nsanayilerinin ekonomideki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da artt\u0131. Merkezi karar\nverme d\u00fczeyinde kurulan “Elektronik Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn\nCanland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Lider Grup” taraf\u0131ndan 1984’te\nhaz\u0131rlanan raporda telekom\u00fcnikasyon ekipman\u0131 ve BT\nteknolojilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinin \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekiliyordu. 7.\nBe\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Plan’la (1986-1990) beraber, bankac\u0131l\u0131k, ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k,\nkamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve askeri hizmetleri de kapsayan ve geleneksel\nsanayilerin modern teknolojilerle yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131\nhedefleyen 12 B\u0130T projesi ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nMerkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmet, askeri harcamalar\u0131 k\u0131sarak kaynaklar\u0131 sivil\nsekt\u00f6re kayd\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde, B\u0130T \u00fcretimi de askeri\nve kamu hizmetlerine y\u00f6nelik hedeflerden t\u00fcketici piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n\nmetala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Mao d\u00f6neminde kapitalist\nt\u00fcketim ili\u015fkileri reddedilirken \u00c7in bu d\u00f6nemde k\u00fcresel t\u00fcketim\nmallar\u0131n\u0131n temel bir tedarik\u00e7isine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor ve t\u00fcketim\nk\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7 kazan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nAskeri harcamalar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131lmas\u0131 ve talebin d\u00fc\u015fmesi, askeriye i\u00e7in\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cephe giri\u015fimcilerini de zor durumda b\u0131rakt\u0131\nve \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015fletme kapand\u0131. 1985’de bu giri\u015fimcilerin k\u0131y\u0131\n\u015fehirlerine kayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ihracata y\u00f6nelik \u00fcretim\nfaaliyetlerinde bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen bir plan uygulanmaya\nba\u015fland\u0131 ve i\u015fletmeler yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 1987’ye\ngelindi\u011finde binden fazla i\u015fletme yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\nBu \u015firketler t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 \u00fcretimiyle \u00c7in’in ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminde\n\u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131lar. Ama Wen’in (2020) vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bu\nyeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri,\n\u015firketlerin Mao d\u00f6nemindeki sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde biriktirdikleri\nAr-Ge kapasitesi gibi \u00fcretim bilgilerinin (know-how) de Huawei gibi\nyeni yerli giri\u015fimlere aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 oldu. \u00c7in’in yerli teknolojisi\nbu zemin \u00fczerinde y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n1980’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, B\u0130T sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde, K\u0130T’ler (Kamu \u0130ktisadi\nTe\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc) kurulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu i\u015fletmeler, \u00fcr\u00fcn planlama,\npazarlama, AR-GE ve k\u00e2r\u0131n\nelde tutulmas\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak hareket edebiliyorlard\u0131. Bunun\nyan\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle B\u0130T \u00fcretim sanayisinde faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u00f6zel\ni\u015fletmelerin say\u0131s\u0131 da art\u0131yordu. K\u0130T’ler daha \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek\nteknoloji \u00fcretiminde hakim konumdayken kolektif m\u00fclkiyetli \u00f6zel\ni\u015fletmeler emek ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 yo\u011fun B\u0130T \u00fcretiminde \u00f6nemli bir rol\n\u00fcstlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Daha sonra d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir\noyuncu olacak olan Huawei, ZTE, TCL, Lenovo, Haier vb kolektif\nm\u00fclkiyetli \u00f6zel \u015firketler bu d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar ve h\u0131zla\nb\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcler. Ayr\u0131ca bu d\u00f6nemde, kent \u00e7evresindeki y\u00fcz binlerce\nil\u00e7e ve k\u00f6y i\u015fletmesinin, kentsel K\u0130T’lerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak\nalt y\u00fcklenici rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenmeleriyle \u00f6zellikle 1990’larda\nk\u00fcresel bir \u00f6neme sahip olacak \u00c7in’in B\u0130T \u00fcretim ekonomisinin de\ntemelleri at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nReform d\u00f6nemindeki bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm de kendine g\u00fcvenen\nekonomi modelinden a\u015fama a\u015fama taviz verilmesiydi. 1983’te, ortak\ngiri\u015fimlerdeki DYY (do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m) k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131\ngev\u015fetildi ve tamamen yabanc\u0131 sermayeli i\u015fletmelere izin verildi.\n1986’da ise bir ad\u0131m daha at\u0131larak yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firketlere\nvergi indirimi getirildi, y\u00f6netsel k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131,\nyabanc\u0131 \u015firketlere faaliyetlerinde daha fazla \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck tan\u0131nd\u0131\nve d\u00f6viz edinimindeki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu politikalar\n1990’larda \u00c7in’i d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir numaral\u0131 DYY merkezi yapt\u0131.\nElektronik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, DYY i\u00e7in en k\u00e2rl\u0131\nyat\u0131r\u0131m alanlar\u0131ndan biri oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n1970’lerden beri Do\u011fu Asya \u00fclkeleri, jeopolitik \u00f6nemleri ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\ni\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetleri nedeniyle ulus\u00f6tesi B\u0130T \u015firketleri i\u00e7in\nideal d\u0131\u015f kaynak sa\u011flama (outsourcing) merkezleriydi. Fakat\ny\u00fckselen i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetleri B\u0130T \u015firketlerinin \u00fcretimlerini\n\u00c7in’e kayd\u0131rmalar\u0131na neden oldu. \u00c7in, k\u00fcresel B\u0130T \u00fcretim\na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir montaj merkezi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7in\nh\u00fck\u00fcmetinin te\u015fvik edici politikalar\u0131yla 1986’da 0,68 milyar\ndolar olan elektronik \u00fcr\u00fcn ihracat\u0131 1993’te 8,11 milyar dolar\noldu. DYY, toplam ihracat\u0131n %54,6’s\u0131ndan sorumluydu. 1991 sonunda,\nyabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131 B\u0130T i\u015fletmelerinin say\u0131s\u0131 2600’i ge\u00e7ti.\nAncak \u00c7in’in s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ulusa\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015firketlerin B\u0130T\nsekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki belirgin hakimiyeti ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Huawei\ngibi yerli firmalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde ciddi zorluklar vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei’nin Kurulu\u015fu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei’nin kurucusu Ren\nZhengfei, 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu’na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve\nBT ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 biriminde m\u00fchendis olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\nZhengfei, 1982’de ordudan ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra bir s\u00fcre Nanyou\nCorporation’a ba\u011fl\u0131 bir elektronik \u015firketinde y\u00f6neticilik yapt\u0131.\nDaha sonra ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u00e7ok giri\u015fimci gibi\nNanyou’daki i\u015fini b\u0131rakarak 1987 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda Huawei’yi\nkurdu. Huawei, 24000 yuan kay\u0131tl\u0131 sermayeye ve alt\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fana\nsahip k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u015firketti. Zhengfe’nin posta ve telekom\u00fcnikasyon\nsekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki yerel y\u00f6neticilerle ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, Huawei’nin ilk\na\u015famada alt katmandaki cihaz ihalelerini almas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.\nAma Huawei, Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131ndaki imaj\u0131n\u0131n aksine, \u00c7in devletine\nba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u015firket de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei’nin kuruldu\u011fu yer,\n\u015eenzen, \u00c7in’in ilk \u00d6EB’siydi (\u00d6zel Ekonomik B\u00f6lge). \u00d6EB’ler\nucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ve vergi avantajlar\u0131yla DYY i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli\nyerlerdi. O zamanlar Hong Kong’a yak\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kasaba olan\n\u015eenzen h\u0131zla \u00c7in’in d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck sanayile\u015fme politikalar\u0131n\u0131n\nmerkezi haline gelmi\u015fti. \u015eenzen 1979’dan beri, “\u00f6n d\u00fckkan,\narka fabrika” modeli olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir modelle\n(yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 Hong Kong, \u00f6n d\u00fckkan; \u00fcretici ve montajc\u0131 \u015eenzen\narka fabrika olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu) \u00c7in’in ihracat y\u00f6nelimli\nB\u0130T \u00fcretiminin \u00f6nemli merkezlerinde biri olmu\u015ftu. 1979’dan sadece\nbir elektronik i\u015fletmesi varken 1985’da elektronik i\u015fletmelerinin\nsay\u0131s\u0131 170 olmu\u015f ve elektronik end\u00fcstrisinin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 %113,5\nartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bu i\u015fletmeler \u00e7o\u011funlukla montaj, i\u015fleme ve\npaketleme ve tazminat ticareti alanlar\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n1986’dan sonra merkezi\nh\u00fck\u00fcmet, B\u0130T stratejileri do\u011frultusunda, y\u00fcksek teknoloji\nsekt\u00f6r\u00fcne deste\u011fini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve bilim ve teknoloji uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n\n\u00f6zel sahipli i\u015fletmeler kurmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an d\u00fczenlemeler\nyapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00fczenlemelere g\u00f6re, bilim ve teknoloji personelinin\ny\u00fcksek teknoloji \u015firketlerine fikri m\u00fclkiyet, telif haklar\u0131 veya\ndi\u011fer m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 \u015feklinde yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmalar\u0131na izin\nveriyordu. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, bu yeni kurulan \u015firketlere, i\u015fletme gelir\nvergilerinden muafiyet gibi ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar da sunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei, her ne kadar bir\nteknoloji \u015firketi olarak kurulmu\u015f olsa da di\u011fer B\u0130T \u015firketleri\ngibi ileri teknoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rma geli\u015ftirme faaliyetlerinin i\u00e7inde\nde\u011fildi. \u0130lk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcketim \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin\nperakende sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapmaktayd\u0131. Fakat Zhengfei, giderek\nb\u00fcy\u00fcmekte olan telekom\u00fcnikasyon end\u00fcstrisini dikkate alarak\nstratejik bir kararla Huawei’yi telekom\u00fcnikasyon ekipman\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131\ni\u015fine y\u00f6neltti. Huawei, Hong Kong’lu Hung Nien Electronics\n\u015firketinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu analog \u00f6zel telefon santrallerinin\nsat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenerek telekom\u00fcnikasyon sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne ilk ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131\natt\u0131. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei, ithal etti\u011fi\nekipmanlar\u0131 satarak \u00f6nemli bir kazan\u00e7 elde ediyordu. Fakat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\nkaliteli ithal telekom\u00fcnikasyon ekipman\u0131 pazar\u0131nda yaln\u0131z de\u011fildi\nve di\u011fer yerli \u015firketlerle rekabet etmek zorundayd\u0131. Y\u00fcksek\nkaliteli telekom\u00fcnikasyon ekipman\u0131 pazar\u0131 ise yabanc\u0131 sermayeye\ntan\u0131nan kolayl\u0131klar nedeniyle \u00e7okulusulu \u015firketlerin elindeydi\nelindeydi (Japop NEC ve Fujitsu, Amerikan Lucent, Kanadal\u0131 Nortel,\n\u0130sve\u00e7li Ericsson, Alman Siemens, Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 BTM, Frans\u0131z Alcatel\nvs). Bu \u015firketler, \u00fcr\u00fcn ve hizmetleri i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek paralar talep\netmelerinin yan\u0131nda \u00c7in’in telekom teknolojisi standartlar\u0131n\u0131 da\nbelirliyorlard\u0131. \u00dcstelik \u00e7ok say\u0131da yabanc\u0131 \u015firket ve her\nbirinin kendi standard\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu nedenle Zhengfei, teknoloji\nithali ve uyarlaman\u0131n \u00fclkenin end\u00fcstriyel ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve\ninovasyon kapasitesini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yeterli olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Zhengfe<\/strong>i<\/strong>, \u00c7in teknoloji \u015firketinin\ny\u00fckseli\u015finin, \u00c7in ulusunun yeniden canlanmas\u0131na ve yabanc\u0131\ndevlerin egemenli\u011fini k\u0131rmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u00c7inli y\u00f6neticiler de bu\ndurumun fark\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. 1980’lerin ortalar\u0131ndan beri yabanc\u0131\nteknolojinin yerelle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba harc\u0131yorlard\u0131.\nTeknoloji transferini ve yerli \u00fcretim kapasitesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak\ni\u00e7in \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, yabanc\u0131 \u015firketleri yerel \u015firketlerle\nortakl\u0131klar kurmaya te\u015fvik ediyordu. \u0130lk ortakl\u0131lar\u0131n maliyeti\nolduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksekti. 1990’larda k\u00fcresel telekom\u00fcnikasyon ekipman\u0131\nsat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131yla daha uygun ortakl\u0131klar kuruldu. Yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve\nK\u0130T’ler aras\u0131ndaki i\u015fbirli\u011finde temel ama\u00e7 yerli oyuncular\u0131n\n\u00fcretim kabiliyetini art\u0131rmak ve devletin sekt\u00f6rdeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc\ndevam ettirebilmekti. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ortak giri\u015fimler, h\u0131zla pazar\npaylar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak 1990’lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda hakim duruma geldiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nWen’in (2020) belirtti\u011fi gibi\nortak giri\u015fimlerle teknolojin yerelle\u015ftirilmesi s\u00fcreci yava\u015f\nilerliyordu ve daha \u00f6nemlisi temel bile\u015fenler hala bir avu\u00e7\n\u015firketin elindeydi. 1989’dan sonra ABD ve m\u00fcttefiklerinin\nkontrol\u00fcndeki \u0130hracat Kontrolleri Koordinasyon Komitesi (COCOM –\nCoordinating Committee on Export Controls), Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinin y\u00fcksek\nteknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00c7in’e ihrac\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131. Ancak ABD\u2019nin\nbu hamlesi uzun vadede \u00c7in’in \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an bir hamle oldu; yerli\n\u015firketler kalk\u0131nmada daha aktif bir rol \u00fcstlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.\n1991’de PLA Enformasyon M\u00fchendisli\u011fi \u00dcniversitesi ve bir K\u0130T olan\nPosta ve Telekom\u00fcnikasyon Sanayi A.\u015e.’nin ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\nsonucunda ilk geli\u015fmi\u015f yerli say\u0131sal anahtar (HJD 04)\ngeli\u015ftirildi. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nBu d\u00f6nemde Huawei de PBX\nsat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 yerine kendi icat etti\u011fi telekom\u00fcnikasyon ofis telefon\nsantrallerine yo\u011funla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Art\u0131k hedefinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\nkurumsal m\u00fc\u015fteriler yerine telekom\u00fcnikasyon operat\u00f6rleri vard\u0131.\nAncak telekom\u00fcnikasyon devleri ve K\u0130T’ler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a\nzay\u0131ft\u0131. Onlarla rekabet edebilmek i\u00e7in ne yeterli sermayesi ne de\nteknolojisi vard\u0131. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nBunun \u00fczerine Zhengfei,\nMao’dan esinlenerek, \u015fehirleri k\u0131rlardan ku\u015fatma stratejisine\nba\u015fvurdu. Telekom\u00fcnikasyon devlerinin ihmal etti\u011fi uzak b\u00f6lgelere\ny\u00f6neldi. Ayr\u0131ca ademimerkeziyet\u00e7i yat\u0131r\u0131m rejimi sayesinde yerel\ntelekom\u00fcnikasyon operat\u00f6rlerinin ve yetkililerin kendi ekipman\ntercihlerini yapabiliyor olmas\u0131 Huawei’nin i\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.\nBu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, sahadan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 geri bildirimlerle Ar-Ge\nfaaliyetlerini art\u0131rarak \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini iyile\u015ftirdi. Huawei’nin\n\u00fcr\u00fcnleri 1990’larda \u00c7in telekom\u00fcnikasyon sistemlerinin geli\u015fimine\nde katk\u0131da bulundu. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce yabanc\u0131 muadillerine g\u00f6re\nkaliteli ve olduk\u00e7a ucuzdu. Bu durum, hem \u00c7in a\u011f altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n\ngeni\u015flemesini hem de az geli\u015fmi\u015f b\u00f6lgelerin telekom\u00fcnikasyon\nhizmetlerine eri\u015febilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Huawei’nin dijital\nanahtarlar\u0131, standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yabanc\u0131 cihazlara g\u00f6re daha\nesnek ve farkl\u0131 gereksinimlere yan\u0131t verebilir nitelikteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei’nin k\u0131rsal alanlarda\nelde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131lar \u015firketin \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ve gelirlerini art\u0131rd\u0131.\nH\u00fck\u00fcmetten daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ihaleler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda\n\u015firket, \u00c7in’deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck dijital otomatik anahtar \u00fcreticisi\nolarak Shanghai Bell’i geride b\u0131rakarak, genel anahtarl\u0131 telefon\n\u015febekesi yerel pazar pay\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse d\u00f6rtte birini elde etmeyi\nba\u015fard\u0131. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nWen’in (2020) vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131\ngibi 1989 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ambargo, \u00c7in’in yerli \u015firketlere bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131\nde\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f ve \u015firketlerin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rman\u0131n\nstratejik \u00f6nemini g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Huawei, ulusal bir\nfig\u00fcr haline geldi. Huawei, art\u0131k \u00fclkeye sanayi kalk\u0131nma yoluyla\nhizmet eden, bilim ve teknoloji yard\u0131m\u0131yla devleti canland\u0131ran\nulusal bir de\u011ferdi. Ulusalc\u0131l\u0131k, Huawei i\u00e7in bir halkla ili\u015fkiler\ns\u00f6yleminden fazlas\u0131yd\u0131. Zhengfei, ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir sanayi\nolmadan bir ulusun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olamayaca\u011f\u0131na\ninan\u0131yordu. 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jiang Zemin ile\nyapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede de anahtarlama ekipman\u0131 teknolojisinin\nulusal g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemine de\u011finmi\u015f ve kendi\nanahtarlama ekipman\u0131 olmayan bir ulusu ordusuz, askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc\nolmayan bir ulusa benzetmi\u015ftir. Zhengfei bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, \u00c7in’in\nsonraki politikalar\u0131nda etkili oldu ve \u00c7in, yerel \u00fcreticileri\ntercih etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WTO S\u00fcreci\nve Neoliberal Politikalar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\n1990’larda \u00c7in’in B\u0130T \u00fcretim\nend\u00fcstrisi, y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama y\u00fczde 30’un \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fcme\noranlar\u0131 ile b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Elektronik end\u00fcstrisinin \u00fclke\nekonomisindeki pay\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn art\u0131yordu. Devletin artan\nyat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 sonucunda telekom\u00fcnikasyon a\u011flar\u0131 da h\u0131zla\ngeni\u015fliyordu. Devletin se\u00e7ici ithal ikame politikas\u0131n\u0131n yerli\ntelekom\u00fcnikasyon ekipman\u0131 \u00fcreticilerine kayda de\u011fer bir faydas\u0131\nolmu\u015ftu. Ama 2000’in ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00c7in’in WTO’ya (D\u00fcnya Ticaret\n\u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) kat\u0131lma s\u00fcreciyle beraber devlet politikalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli\nde\u011fi\u015fiklikler oldu. Telekom\u00fcnikasyon sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki \u015firketle\u015fme\nve dereg\u00fclasyon s\u00fcreci sonucunda kamu hizmeti sa\u011flama hedefinin\nyerini k\u00e2r y\u00f6nelimli\netkinlikler ald\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca telekom\u00fcnikasyon sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nceli\u011fi,\ntemel telefon i\u00e7in basit altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturmak yerine \u00fcst d\u00fczey\npazardaki m\u00fc\u015fteri tabanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in mobil ileti\u015fim\ngibi daha geli\u015fmi\u015f ileti\u015fim hizmetlerine kay\u0131yordu. Bunun\nsonucunda, 9. Be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k Plan’da yer alan her k\u00f6ye telefon\neri\u015fimi sa\u011flama hedefi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yava\u015flad\u0131. 2000’in\nsonunda \u00fclkedeki k\u00f6ylerin sadece %82,9’unun telefon eri\u015fimi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nK\u0131rsal alanlar\u0131n \u00f6neminin\nazalmas\u0131 \u015fehirleri k\u0131rlardan ku\u015fatma stratejisini uygulayan\nHuawei’yi olumsuz etkiledi. Huawei, 1998’den beri geli\u015fmi\u015f\nb\u00f6lgelerden de ihale al\u0131yordu. Fakat sabit hatlardan elde edilen\nk\u00e2r oranlar\u0131 da giderek\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, yerel rekabeti te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in telefon\nhizmet oranlar\u0131nda \u00e7apraz s\u00fcbvansiyonu azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Uluslararas\u0131\n\u015firketler de h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015fen kar oranlar\u0131 nedeniyle stratejik bir\nkararla bu alandan \u00e7ekilerek daha karl\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri mobil a\u011flara\ny\u00f6neliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n1G mobil a\u011flar ilk kez\n1987’de Guangdong b\u00f6lgesinde 700 aboneyle kurulmu\u015ftu. Mobil a\u011flar,\n1990’lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri de \u00c7in’in ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6nceliklerinden\nbiriydi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yat\u0131r\u0131mlar sabit hatlardan mobil a\u011flara\nkay\u0131yordu. Huawei de bu durumdan etkilenerek 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda GSM\nekipman\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131\naz, Ar-Ge b\u00fct\u00e7esi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n 1997’de \u00c7in’in ilk\nba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z GSM sistemini geli\u015ftirdiler. 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130\u00e7\nMo\u011folistan’da ilk ticari deneme a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurdular. Daha sonra da\n\u00c7in’in az geli\u015fmi\u015f i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerinden Gansu’da Ericson’un yerine\nkendi sistemlerini kurdular. Ayr\u0131ca bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te GSM Ar-Ge’si i\u00e7in\nay\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7eyi art\u0131rarak daha fazla bilim insan\u0131 ve\nara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 istihdam etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nAncak sabit hatl\u0131 telefon\nekipman\u0131 pazar\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilen yabanc\u0131 \u015firketler mobil a\u011f pazar\u0131n\u0131\n\u00c7inli \u015firketlere b\u0131rakmamakta kararl\u0131yd\u0131lar. Bu nedenle,\nfiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek Huawei’ye ve di\u011fer \u00c7inli \u015firketlere\nkar\u015f\u0131 fiyat sava\u015flar\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. Bunun \u00fczerine Huawei yine\nk\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelere y\u00f6neldi ve geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi yenilik\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerle\n“telekom\u00fcnikasyon a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fc b\u00f6lgeleri” olarak\nalg\u0131lanan yerlerin 2G mobil hizmeti alabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya\nba\u015flad\u0131; ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131z topluluklar\u0131n 2G mobil hizmeti\nalabilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen, h\u00fck\u00fcmet\npolitikalar\u0131n\u0131n kentlere a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermesi nedeniyle Huawei ana\nak\u0131m mobil ekipman pazar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei, CDMA (Code Division\nMultiple Access – Kod B\u00f6lmeli \u00c7oklu Eri\u015fim) piyasas\u0131na giri\u015fte\nde zorland\u0131. China Unicom, ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve telekom\u00fcnikasyon\n\u015firketlerinin bask\u0131s\u0131yla, 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda resmi olarak ABD temelli\nCDMA standard\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti\u011fini duyurdu. Fakat CDMA, a\u00e7\u0131k bir\nsistem olan GSM’nin aksine patentlerin birka\u00e7 firman\u0131n elinde\ntopland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sistemdi. Patentler, ba\u015fta Qualcomm olmak \u00fczere\nMotorola, Lucent ve Nortel gibi Kuzey Amerikal\u0131 \u015firketlerin\nelindeydi. Devlet destekli ZTE d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yerli \u015firketlerin y\u00fcksek\npatent \u00fccretlerini kar\u015f\u0131lama \u015fans\u0131 yoktu. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeniden\nTeknolojik Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Politikalar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\nLiberalle\u015fme s\u00fcreci \u00c7in ve\n\u00c7inli \u015firketler i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir d\u00f6nemdi. DYY’ye a\u00e7\u0131lan\npazarlar ve tan\u0131nan ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar yerli \u015firketleri zay\u0131flatt\u0131 ve\n\u00c7in’in teknolojik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zarar verdi. 2000’li y\u0131llarda\n\u00c7in’deki telekom\u00fcnikasyon pazar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015flemesi,\ngereksiz a\u011f kaynaklar\u0131na yap\u0131lan gereksiz yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra\ntelekom\u00fcnikasyon ekipman\u0131 kapasitesinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 arz\u0131na da yol\na\u00e7t\u0131. \u00c7okuluslu \u015firketlerin i\u00e7 pazardaki hakimiyeti nedeniyle\nHuawei i\u00e7 pazardan uzakla\u015farak oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 geni\u015flemeye\nkayd\u0131rd\u0131. Uluslararas\u0131 taleplerin artmas\u0131 ve \u00c7in’in d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck\ngiri\u015fimleriyle, B\u0130T pazar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fleme d\u00f6nemlerinde Huawei’nin\ngelirleri artt\u0131. Hatta bir \u00e7ok B\u0130T \u015firketinin \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\n2000’li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bile Huawei b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam etti. 2005\ny\u0131l\u0131nda ilk kez \u015firketin yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 gelirleri yurti\u00e7i\ngelirlerini a\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nHuawei’nin i\u00e7 birikimi de\nd\u00fczenli olarak art\u0131yordu. Ama neoliberal telekom\u00fcnikasyon reformu\ndi\u011fer \u00c7inli \u015firketler gibi Huawei’yi de zor durumda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\nWen’in (2020) belirtti\u011fi gibi 2G pazar\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131, liberal\nsanayile\u015fme politikalar\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. \u00dclkenin\nteknolojik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu nedenle \u00c7in, 3G’de daha\ndikkatli hareket ederek kendi standartlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\nB\u00f6ylece yabanc\u0131 patent sahiplerine \u00f6denen lisans \u00fccretleri\n\u00f6nlenebilecek veya azalt\u0131labilecekti. 3G i\u00e7in yerli TD-SCDMA\nstandard\u0131 etraf\u0131nda bir araya gelen \u00c7inli firmalar, sadece ekipman\ntedarik\u00e7isi olarak hareket etmediler, ayn\u0131 zamanda standart yenilik\nve altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturma faaliyetlerine de kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bu ortak\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonucunda 2010 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde TD-SCDMA\npazar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 yerli firman\u0131n hakimiyeti s\u00f6z konusuydu: ZTE\n(%34,2), Huawei (%31), Datang Telecom (%13,4). \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n4G’de ise \u00c7in y\u00f6netimi daha\nda etkindi. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi 4G standard\u0131\nTD-LTE olgunla\u015fana dek \u00c7inli d\u00fczenleyiciler, Avrupa destekli\nFDD-LTE standard\u0131n\u0131n lisanslanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle geciktirdi.\nAyr\u0131ca kendi geli\u015ftirdikleri standard\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte\nkullan\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir \u00e7aba harcayarak\nyerli telekom\u00fcnikasyon \u015firketlerinin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da etkin\nolabilmelerini sa\u011flad\u0131lar. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n3G’de Bat\u0131’y\u0131 yakalamaya\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, 4G’de yakalayan \u00c7in, 5G’de lider durumda. 13. Be\u015f\nY\u0131ll\u0131k Plan’da (2016-2020) 5G ve 5G uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n stratejik\n\u00f6nemine vurgu yap\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7in, tek ba\u015f\u0131na 5G teknolojisinin\nkendisinden \u00e7ok 5G ile ilgili end\u00fcstriyel zincirlerle ilgileniyor. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n5G Ar-Ge faaliyetlerine \u00c7in’in\n13. Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Plan\u0131’ndan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce, 2009’da ba\u015flayan\nHuawei bu alanda rakiplerinden daha ileride. Ancak ulusal g\u00fcvenlik\nkayg\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u015firketler (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fclkeler!) aras\u0131ndaki\nrekabet, baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin Huawei’ye kar\u015f\u0131 korumac\u0131 politikalara\nba\u015fvurmas\u0131na neden oluyor. Buna kar\u015f\u0131 Huawei’nin son y\u0131llarda\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletiyor. Bulut bili\u015fim, b\u00fcy\u00fck veri,\nyaz\u0131l\u0131m tan\u0131ml\u0131 a\u011f ve nesnelerin interneti gibi y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli\nsekt\u00f6rlere ve en yenilik\u00e7i B\u0130T teknolojilerine odaklan\u0131yor.\nAyr\u0131ca 2012’den beri kendi t\u00fcketici cihazlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiriyor. A\u011f\nteknolojilerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra temel yonga seti teknolojilerinde de\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131yor. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck marjl\u0131 “ucuz” cihazlar\nsa\u011flamak yerine t\u00fcketici cihazlar\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda tan\u0131nan\nbir marka olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Huawei ve di\u011fer \u00c7inli\n\u015firketler (OPPO, Vivo, ve Xiaomi) ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefon i\u015finde yeni\nolmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen 2019’da \u00c7in pazar\u0131ndaki paylar\u0131 %65’ti. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u00c7in’in B\u0130T \u015firketlerinin\ny\u00fckseli\u015fi ve ABD’nin ekonomik ve teknolojik g\u00fcc\u00fcne meydan\nokumalar\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundaki B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya ve ABD\naras\u0131ndaki hegemonya m\u00fccadelesine benzetiliyor. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te,\nHuawei’nin uluslararas\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel geni\u015flemesi, \u00c7in’in\nd\u0131\u015f politikalar\u0131 ve jeopolitik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ile i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f\ndurumda. \u015eirket k\u00fcresel operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 finanse etmek i\u00e7in\ndevlet politika bankalar\u0131ndan tercihli krediler al\u0131yor. \u00c7in,\nHuawei arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerle uzun vadeli\nili\u015fkiler kuruyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nBug\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fma, ABD’nin\nulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve \u00c7in k\u00f6kenli teknolojilerin ABD i\u00e7in ulusal\ng\u00fcvenlik sorunu yaratmas\u0131 etraf\u0131nda geli\u015fmesine kar\u015f\u0131n ABD’nin\nrahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bununla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. \u00c7in’in k\u00fcresel\ng\u00fcneydeki faaliyetleri ve teknoloji \u015firketleri de ABD’yi rahats\u0131z\nediyor. \u00c7in, ABD’nin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir rakip olarak \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.\n\u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelenin nas\u0131l sonu\u00e7lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\n\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynaklar:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\nEmiro\u011flu, U. (2016). \u00c7in’in\nDevlet Kaynakl\u0131 Y\u00fckseli\u015fi: Telekom End\u00fcstrisi \u00d6rne\u011fi. Haluk\nGeray, Funda Ba\u015faran ve Aylin Aydo\u011fan (Der.), \u0130leti\u015fim A\u011flar\u0131nda\nYeni Hizmetler (s. 81-104). \u00dctopya Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nWen, Y. (2020). The Huawei\nModel: The Rise of China’s Technology Giant. University of Illinois\nPress.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Donald Trump d\u00f6neminde \u00c7inli \u015firketlerin faaliyetlerini k\u0131s\u0131tlamak amac\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hatta Huawei’in Mali \u0130\u015fler Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Meng Wanzhou, ABD’de ba\u015flat\u0131lan soru\u015fturma kapsam\u0131nda 1 Aral\u0131k 2018’de Kanada’da g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Meng Wanzhou ayn\u0131 zamanda Huawei’in kurucusu Ren Zhengfei’nin de k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak g\u00f6zalt\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncesine ve sonras\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ABD’nin bu hamlesinin Trump’\u0131n fevri hareketlerinden biri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. ABD y\u00f6netimi, uzunca bir s\u00fcredir ba\u015fta Huawei olmak \u00fczere \u00c7inli \u015firketleri bir tehdit olarak alg\u0131l\u0131yor ve \u015firketlerin faaliyetlerini yaln\u0131zca ABD’de de\u011fil, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Joe Biden’in se\u00e7imi kazanmas\u0131ndan sonra yap\u0131lan ilk a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ABD’nin \u00c7inli \u015firketlere kar\u015f\u0131 politikas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Beyaz Saray Bas\u0131n Sekreteri Jen Psaki (https:\/\/pandaily.com\/president-biden-reviews-u-s-china-relations-and-huawei-dispute\/)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,25,163,116,392,298],"tags":[396,194,393],"class_list":["post-765","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fikri-mulkiyet","category-gozetim","category-guvenlik","category-teknoloji-tarihi","category-teknolojik_egemenlik","category-yapay-zeka","tag-5g","tag-cin","tag-huawei"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/765","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=765"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/765\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":766,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/765\/revisions\/766"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=765"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=765"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=765"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}