{"id":770,"date":"2021-11-01T11:43:11","date_gmt":"2021-11-01T08:43:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=770"},"modified":"2021-12-28T12:30:55","modified_gmt":"2021-12-28T09:30:55","slug":"yapay-zeka-stratejileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/?p=770","title":{"rendered":"Yapay Zek\u00e2 Stratejileri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p> Yapay Zek\u00e2 (YZ), 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelece\u011fini belirleyebilecek bir teknoloji. Geride kalmak istemeyen \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rekabet var. Fakat YZ, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli riskler de i\u00e7eriyor. Bu nedenle, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler YZ&#8217;nin geli\u015fiminde daha aktif bir rol almaya ve YZ&#8217;nin kendi \u00fclkelerindeki geli\u015fimini y\u00f6netmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler, \u00fclkelerinin \u00f6ncelik ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda rehberler, d\u00fczenlemeler ve stratejiler olu\u015fturuyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>\n2016&#8217;dan itibaren sonra\n\u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fclke ulusal YZ stratejisini kamuoyuyla\npayla\u015ft\u0131.\n\u00dclkeler bu belgelerde\nYZ&#8217;nin geli\u015fimi hakk\u0131ndaki\nvizyonlar\u0131n\u0131,\nhedeflerini,\nara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131\nve planlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yorlar.\nZhang vd&#8217;nin (2021) haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 YZ Endeksi\n2021 raporuna g\u00f6re Aral\u0131k 2021&#8217;de 32 \u00fclke ulusal\nYZ strateji belgesini\nyay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131\nve 22&#8217;si de bunun \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131.\nT\u00fcrkiye de s\u00f6z konusu 22 \u00fclkeden biriydi. \u015eimdi\nbizim de bir ulusal YZ stratejimiz var. Ulusal\nYapay Zek\u00e2 Stratejisi (2021-2025) konulu genelge 20 A\u011fustos\n2021 tarih ve 31574 say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazete&#8217;de yay\u0131mland\u0131\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2021\/08\/20210820-22.pdf\">https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2021\/08\/20210820-22.pdf<\/a>).\nUlusal Yapay Zek\u00e2 Stratejisi 2021-2025 de 24 A\u011fustos 2021 tarihinde\nCumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dijital D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm Ofisi&#8217;nin internet sitesinde\nyay\u0131mland\u0131\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/cbddo.gov.tr\/SharedFolderServer\/Genel\/File\/TR-UlusalYZekaStratejisi2021-2025.pdf\">https:\/\/cbddo.gov.tr\/SharedFolderServer\/Genel\/File\/TR-UlusalYZekaStratejisi2021-2025.pdf<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nYay\u0131mlanan Ulusal Yapay Zek\u00e2\nStratejisi, \u00fclkemiz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda son derece \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma.\nFakat T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin stratejisine ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce d\u00fcnyadaki di\u011fer\n\u00f6rnekleri incelemenin yararl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bu\nyaz\u0131da, ilk \u00f6nce Salas-Pilco&#8217;nun (2021) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan\nyararlanarak Kanada,  Fransa, G\u00fcney Kore, Japonya, ABD ve \u00c7in&#8217;in YZ\nstratejilerine bakaca\u011f\u0131z. Bu alt\u0131 \u00fclke, Salas-Pilco&#8217;nun (2021)\nbelirtti\u011fi gibi, YZ politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ilk geli\u015ftiren ve YZ&#8217;yi\nstratejik planlar\u0131na ve b\u00fct\u00e7elerine dahil etmede daha kararl\u0131\nolan \u00fclkeler. Daha sonra ise YZ yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na sonradan dahil olan ama\nyeti\u015fmi\u015f i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne ve akademik a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir potansiyele\nsahip olan Hindistan&#8217;\u0131 ve bu \u00fclkenin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu\ng\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Son olarak da bu \u00f6rnekler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\nT\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin Ulusal Yapay Zek\u00e2 Stratejisi&#8217;ni geri d\u00f6nece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131da da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz\ngibi \u00fclkelerin YZ stratejileri, bir \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan birbirine\nbenziyor. Ancak herbirinin \u00f6nceli\u011fi ve YZ i\u00e7in ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7e\nfarkl\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kanada<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nKanada h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin 2017\ny\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 &#8220;Pan-Kanada YZ Stratejisi&#8221;nin be\u015f\ny\u0131ll\u0131k plan \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00f6rt ana hedefi vard\u0131: \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Kanada&#8217;daki\n\tse\u00e7kin YZ ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve mezunlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\n\tart\u0131rmak,\n\t<\/li><li> YZ\n\t\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Edmonton, Montreal ve Toronto&#8217;da birbirine\n\tba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck merkez kurmak\n\t<\/li><li>YZ&#8217;deki\n\tilerlemelerinin ekonomik, etik ve yasal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda\n\tk\u00fcresel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce liderli\u011fi geli\u015ftirmek,\n\t<\/li><li>Ulusal\n\tYZ ara\u015ft\u0131rma toplulu\u011funu desteklemek\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\nBu hedeflerden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131\n\u00fczere Kanada&#8217;n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6nceli\u011fi \u00fclkenin ara\u015ft\u0131rma\npotansiyelini art\u0131rmak ve bunun i\u00e7in gerekli nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc\nyeti\u015ftirmek. B\u00f6ylece YZ ve inovasyona yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmak isteyen\n\u015firketler i\u00e7in Kanada&#8217;y\u0131 cazip bir \u00fclke olarak konumland\u0131rmaya\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. 2017 b\u00fct\u00e7esinde, Kanada H\u00fck\u00fcmeti 2017\u20132018&#8217;den\n2021\u20132022&#8217;ye kadar be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7in 125 milyon Kanada Dolar\u0131 (95\nmilyon ABD Dolar\u0131) yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmay\u0131 planlam\u0131\u015f. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nKanada, bu strateji\ndo\u011frultusunda uluslararas\u0131 ortakl\u0131klar ve ulusal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler\ngeli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. 2018&#8217;in Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Montreal\n\u00dcniversitesi, Kanada vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ve geri\nbildirimler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 &#8220;Yapay Zek\u00e2n\u0131n\nSorumlu Geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in Montr\u00e9al Deklarasyonu&#8221; adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131\nyay\u0131mlad\u0131. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nKanada, YZ merkezlerinde\nAr-Ge&#8217;yi ve \u00fcniversitelerde YZ eti\u011fi hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\ndesteklemede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Kanada&#8217;n\u0131n YZ end\u00fcstrisi\nile ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 hen\u00fcz istenilen seviyede de\u011fil (Salas-Pilco&#8217;nun,\n2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fransa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nFransa&#8217;n\u0131n YZ stratejisi Mart\n2018&#8217;de, Ba\u015fkan Emmanuel Macron taraf\u0131ndan duyuruldu. Strateji,\nFrans\u0131z Parlamentosu \u00fcyesi, matematik\u00e7i Cedric Villiani&#8217;nin\n\u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde haz\u0131rlanan &#8220;Anlaml\u0131 Bir Yapay Zek\u00e2\n\u0130\u00e7in Frans\u0131z ve Avrupa Stratejisine Do\u011fru&#8221; ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131\nrapora dayan\u0131yordu\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aiforhumanity.fr\/pdfs\/MissionVillani_Report_ENG-VF.pdf\">https:\/\/www.aiforhumanity.fr\/pdfs\/MissionVillani_Report_ENG-VF.pdf<\/a>).\nFransa&#8217;n\u0131n YZ stratejisinde yer alan temel konular \u015funlar\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aiforhumanity.fr\/en\/\">https:\/\/www.aiforhumanity.fr\/en\/<\/a>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>YZ\n\t\u00fczerine e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren \u00f6\u011frencilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 iki kat\u0131na\n\t\u00e7\u0131karmak; d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi YZ ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkeye\n\t\u00e7ekecek bir program haz\u0131rlamak; birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket\n\teden end\u00fcstri ve kamudaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 bir araya getirmek ve\n\tkamu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n %50&#8217;sini \u00f6zel\n\tkurulu\u015flara ay\u0131rabilmesini sa\u011flamak.\n\t<\/li><li>A\u00e7\u0131k\n\tveri politikalar\u0131 ile farkl\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerdeki merkezi\n\tveritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 daha i\u015flevsel yapmak.\n\t<\/li><li>&#8220;YZ\n\t\u015fampiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n&#8221; ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen\n\td\u00fczenlemeler ve finansal bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturmak, b\u00f6ylece YZ\n\tara\u015ft\u0131rma projelerini ve <em>start-up<\/em>&#8216;lar\u0131 desteklemek ve bu\n\ts\u00fcre\u00e7te devletin hem d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen hem de yol g\u00f6steren bir akt\u00f6r\n\tolmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak.\n\t<\/li><li>YZ&#8217;nin\n\ti\u015fin gelece\u011fi ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerinin\n\tde\u011ferlendirerek buna uygun politikalar\u0131 test etmek.\n\t<\/li><li>YZ&#8217;nin\n\tdaha ekolojik bir ekonomi do\u011frultusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak.\n\t<\/li><li>Kara\n\tkutu algoritmalar\u0131n \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve eti\u011fin sonradan ele\n\tal\u0131nan de\u011fil tasar\u0131mda uygulanacak bir \u00f6ncelik olmas\u0131n\u0131\n\tsa\u011flamak; YZ etik kurulunu kurmak.\n\t<\/li><li>Kapsay\u0131c\u0131\n\tve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 dikkate alan bir YZ&#8217;yi hayata ge\u00e7irerek\n\therkesin YZ&#8217;den yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak.\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\nK\u0131sacas\u0131, Fransa&#8217;n\u0131n en\ntemel \u00f6nceli\u011fi Ar-Ge, \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, YZ d\u00fczenlemeleri ve etik\nyoluyla bir YZ ortam\u0131 sa\u011flamak. YZ ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve yeniliklerinde\nbir d\u00fcnya lideri olmak isteyen Fransa, 2018-2022 i\u00e7in 1850 milyon\ndolar yat\u0131r\u0131m yapm\u0131\u015f. 2018&#8217;den sonra, akademikleri ve\nsanayicileri bir araya getiren disiplinler aras\u0131 d\u00f6rt YZ\nenstit\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015f; Kanada ve Singapur\nile i\u015fbirli\u011fi anla\u015fmalar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nVillani, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7enin\nFransa&#8217;n\u0131n d\u00fcnya lideri olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131,\nsadece d\u00fcnya liderlerinden biri olabilece\u011fini savunuyor. Fakat\nPauline Bock, buna itiraz ederek temel sorunun b\u00fct\u00e7e ve\nuluslararas\u0131 rekabetten \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zihniyeti de\u011fi\u015ftirme ve\nk\u00fclt\u00fcrel uyumla ilgili oldu\u011funu iddia ediyor. Bock&#8217;a g\u00f6re\nFransa&#8217;da insanlar YZ&#8217;nin getirdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fikliklere kar\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a\ndikkatli ve temkinli davran\u0131yorlar\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.co.uk\/article\/cedric-villani-france-artificial-intelligence\">https:\/\/www.wired.co.uk\/article\/cedric-villani-france-artificial-intelligence<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">G\u00fcney\nKore<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nG\u00fcney Kore, YZ stratejisini\n2016&#8217;n\u0131n sonunda yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Raporun ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, &#8220;Ak\u0131ll\u0131\nBilgi Toplumuna Haz\u0131rl\u0131k Orta-Uzun Vadeli Master Plan\u0131: D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc\nSanayi Devrimini Y\u00f6netmek&#8221;ti.\n2018&#8217;in May\u0131s ay\u0131nda ise &#8220;I-Kore\n4.0&#8217;\u0131 Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek \u0130\u00e7in YZ Geli\u015ftirme Stratejisi&#8221;ni\nyay\u0131mlad\u0131. Strateji, 2018-2022 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek \u00fc\u00e7 temel hedef belirlemi\u015fti: Birinci s\u0131n\u0131f\nYZ teknolojisi sa\u011flamak; en iyi YZ yeteneklerini yeti\u015ftirmek; a\u00e7\u0131k\nve yenilik\u00e7i bir YZ altyap\u0131s\u0131 kurmak. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n2016&#8217;da YZ Ar-Ge faaliyetleri\ni\u00e7in 1121 milyon dolar ay\u0131ran G\u00fcney Kore \u00f6zellikle IBM&#8217;in\nWatson&#8217;\u0131 ile rekabet etmeyi hedefleyen ExoBrain ve bir bilgisayarla\ng\u00f6rme projesi olan DeepView&#8217;e odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2017&#8217;de YZ Ar-Ge&#8217;si\ni\u00e7in 1562 milyon dolarl\u0131k bir yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131. 2018-2022 y\u0131llar\u0131\ni\u00e7in de 1950 milyon dolarl\u0131k bir yat\u0131r\u0131m yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve alt\u0131\n\u00fcniversiteden insan kayna\u011f\u0131 temin edece\u011fini duyurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nSalas-Pilco (2021), G\u00fcney\nKore&#8217;nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck zaaf\u0131n\u0131n YZ i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc konusunda oldu\u011funu\nbelirtiyor. Bunun fark\u0131nda olan h\u00fck\u00fcmet, ilk ba\u015fta end\u00fcstriye\na\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verirken daha sonra \u00fcniversitelere ve YZ yeteneklerinin\nyeti\u015ftirilmesine \u00f6ncelik vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Ayr\u0131ca Salas-Pilco\n(2021), etik meselelerin G\u00fcney Kore YZ end\u00fcstrisinde pek\ntart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Japonya<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nJaponya, YZ stratejisini\n2017&#8217;nin Mart ay\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Strateji, \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131 bir plan\ni\u00e7eriyordu. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar planlanan birinci\na\u015famada, veri odakl\u0131 YZ&#8217;nin \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve\nuygulanmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde duruluyordu. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 2025-2030 y\u0131llar\u0131na\nkadar planlanan ikinci a\u015famada ise \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda geli\u015ftirilen\nYZ ve verilerin kamusal kullan\u0131m\u0131 hedefleniyor. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc a\u015famada\nise birden \u00e7ok alan birbirine ba\u011flanarak ekosistemler olu\u015fturulacak\n().\nJaponya&#8217;n\u0131n YZ stratejisinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedefleri \u015funlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>AR-GE\n\tprojelerinde, sanayi, akademi ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet aras\u0131ndaki i\u015fbirli\u011fini\n\tg\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek.\n\t<\/li><li>YZ\n\talan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek; hem yerli\n\tara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar hem de yabanc\u0131lar i\u00e7in maa\u015fla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131\n\tolmayan cazip bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131 sa\u011flamak.\n\t<\/li><li>End\u00fcstri,\n\takademi ve devlete ait veri ve ara\u00e7lar i\u00e7in \u00e7evresel bak\u0131m\n\tsa\u011flamak. \n\t\n\t<\/li><li>Start-up&#8217;lar\u0131\n\tdesteklemek.\n\t<\/li><li>Sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\n\tve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131nda YZ teknolojisinin geli\u015fiminin\n\tanla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek. \n\t\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\nD\u00f6rt alan ise \u00f6ncelikli\nolarak belirtilmi\u015f: Verimlilik; sa\u011fl\u0131k, t\u0131bbi bak\u0131m ve refah;\nhareketlilik (yaln\u0131zca seyahatler i\u00e7in de\u011fil i\u015f, ya\u015fam ve\ne\u011flence i\u00e7in de herkesin g\u00fcvenli ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrce seyahat edebilece\u011fi\nbir toplum in\u015fa etmek); bilgi g\u00fcvenli\u011fi. Japonya, \u00f6zellikle YZ\nile sanayile\u015fmesinin &#8220;\u00dcretkenlik devriminin&#8221; dire\u011fi\nolaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nJaponya&#8217;n\u0131n 2016-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131\naras\u0131nda YZ i\u00e7in ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7e giderek artm\u0131\u015f: 2016&#8217;da 378\nmilyon dolar, 2017&#8217;de 517 milyon dolar, 2018&#8217;de 703 milyon dolar ve\n2019&#8217;da 1072 milyon dolar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nJaponya, YZ ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131\nhakk\u0131ndaki uluslararas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalarda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u00fclke. YZ\ni\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 kurallar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve YZ&#8217;nin topluma\netkileri hakk\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalara \u00f6n ayak olmu\u015flar. Ancak\nJaponya, donan\u0131m ve veriye dayal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\nolmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirmede ABD ve \u00c7in&#8217;e g\u00f6re daha\nzay\u0131f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ABD<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nABD, ilk YZ stratejisi,\n&#8220;Ulusal Yapay Zek\u00e2\nAra\u015ft\u0131rma ve Geli\u015ftirme Stratejik Plan\u0131&#8221;n\u0131 Ekim\n2016&#8217;da yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Daha sonra da \u00e7e\u015fitli YZ stratejileri\nyay\u0131mlad\u0131. \u015eubat 2019&#8217;da Trump y\u00f6netimi, ABD\nYZ \u0130nisiyatifi&#8217;ni kurdu ve &#8220;Yapay\nZek\u00e2da\nAmerikan Liderli\u011finin S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine \u0130li\u015fkin Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Emri&#8221;\nba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 belgeyi yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Belgede \u00f6zellikle ABD&#8217;nin\nYZ&#8217;deki liderli\u011finin devam ettirilmesi \u00fczerinde duruluyordu. ABD\nYZ \u0130nisiyatifi&#8217;nin vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer\nkonular \u015funlard\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\n\tYZ Ar-Ge&#8217;sine yap\u0131lan\n\tyat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fini te\u015fvik etmek.\n\t<\/li><li>\n\tY\u00fcksek kaliteli ve tamamen\n\tizlenebilir federal verilere eri\u015fimi geli\u015ftirmek.\n\t<\/li><li>\n\tYZ teknolojilerinin\n\tkullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engelleri azaltmak. \n\t\n\t<\/li><li>\n\tTeknik standartlar\u0131n\n\tg\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirmesini sa\u011flamak.\n\t<\/li><li>\n\tYeni nesil Amerikan YZ\n\tara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fitmek.\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\nBu belgenin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n\nhemen ard\u0131ndan ABD Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da kendi YZ stratejisini\nyay\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nTrump d\u00f6neminde ilk ba\u015fta\ngeleneksel end\u00fcstrilere a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verildi. Bu politik tercih, Ar-Ge\nyat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na da yans\u0131d\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, YZ ile ilgili Ar-Ge\nyat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 2015&#8217;te 1100 milyon dolar, 2016&#8217;da 1200 milyon\ndolarken 2017&#8217;de YZ ve YZ d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki alanlar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan toplam\nAr-Ge b\u00fct\u00e7esi 4540 milyon dolar oldu. 2018&#8217;de b\u00fct\u00e7e 4460 milyon\ndolara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Fakat ba\u015fta \u00c7in olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer\n\u00fclkelerin YZ&#8217;deki ata\u011f\u0131 ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetini, politikalar\u0131n\u0131\nde\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlad\u0131. 2019&#8217;da Ar-Ge b\u00fct\u00e7esi 5280 milyon dolara\n\u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00c7in ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin\nrekabeti ABD&#8217;yi zorlasa da ABD h\u00e2l\u00e2\nYZ&#8217;de lider konumda. Savunma \u0130leri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri Ajans\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n\nliderli\u011finde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7ok say\u0131da son teknoloji YZ projesi var\nve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc teknoloji \u015firketleri ABD i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir avantaj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c7in<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00c7in, teknoloji yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda\ngeriden gelmesine kar\u015f\u0131n son y\u0131llardaki at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla ABD&#8217;nin\nhegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 sarsan bir \u00fclke. \u00c7in Devlet Konseyi&#8217;nin 2017&#8217;nin\nTemmuz ay\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u015famalarla bunlara ayr\u0131lan\nb\u00fct\u00e7elerin belirtildi\u011fi olduk\u00e7a ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 &#8220;Yeni Nesil\nYapay Zek\u00e2 Geli\u015ftirme\nPlan\u0131&#8221;nda alt\u0131 temel g\u00f6rev belirtiliyordu: \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A\u00e7\u0131k\n\tve i\u015fbirli\u011fine dayal\u0131 bir YZ teknoloji sistemi geli\u015ftirmek\n\t<\/li><li>Verimli\n\tbir YZ ekonomisi in\u015fa etmek\n\t<\/li><li>G\u00fcvenli\n\tbir YZ toplumu geli\u015ftirmek\n\t<\/li><li>Askeri-sivil\n\tentegrasyon alan\u0131nda YZ&#8217;yi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek \n\t\n\t<\/li><li>Verimli\n\tbir YZ altyap\u0131s\u0131 in\u015fa etmek\n\t<\/li><li>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca\n\tYZ bilim ve teknoloji projelerini d\u00fczenlemek\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00c7in, bu planda YZ\nend\u00fcstrisinin geli\u015fimini \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak ele\nal\u0131yordu. Birinci a\u015famada, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar, k\u00fcresel AI\ngeli\u015fimini yakalamay\u0131, rekabet\u00e7i hale gelmeyi ve 22 milyar\ndolardan fazla bir de\u011fere sahip YZ end\u00fcstrisi geli\u015ftirmeyi\nhedefliyordu. \u0130kinci a\u015famada, 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar, YZ&#8217;nin \u00c7in\nend\u00fcstri ve ekonomisinin itici g\u00fcc\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve YZ end\u00fcstrisinin\nde\u011ferinin 60 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 hedefleniyor. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son\na\u015famada, 2030&#8217;da, \u00c7in&#8217;in YZ&#8217;de d\u00fcnya lideri olmas\u0131 ve YZ\nend\u00fcstrisinin de\u011ferinin 150 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 hedefleniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nDaha sonra, 2017&#8217;nin Aral\u0131k\nay\u0131nda End\u00fcstri ve Enformasyon Teknolojileri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n\n\u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 &#8220;Yeni Nesil Yapay Zek\u00e2\nEnd\u00fcstrisinin Geli\u015fimini Te\u015fvik Etmek \u0130\u00e7in \u00dc\u00e7 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Eylem\nPlan\u0131&#8221;ndaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedefler ise \u015funlard\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ak\u0131ll\u0131\n\t\u00fcr\u00fcnlerin geli\u015ftirilmesini te\u015fvik etmek \n\t\n\t<\/li><li>Ar-Ge&#8217;yi\n\th\u0131zland\u0131rmak ve \u00e7ekirdek temellerde at\u0131l\u0131mlar yapmak; \n\t\n\t<\/li><li>YZ\n\t\u00fcretiminin geli\u015fimini derinle\u015ftirmek; \n\t\n\t<\/li><li>YZ\n\tdestek sistemleri in\u015fa etmek\n\t<\/li><li>YZ\n\tgeli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirimini, deste\u011fini, yenili\u011fini,\n\te\u011fitimini ve optimizasyonunu korumak\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\nAyr\u0131ca \u00c7in&#8217;in YZ&#8217;nin\ntoplumsal etkileri hakk\u0131ndaki fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131 da y\u00fcksek. YZ&#8217;nin\nk\u00fcresel y\u00f6neti\u015fimi, YZ ile ilgili yasalar ve d\u00fczenlemelerin\nhaz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve YZ sosyal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi\nhakk\u0131nda da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131yor. Uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerde bu\nkonular hakk\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nYay\u0131mlanan YZ stratejilerine\ng\u00f6re \u00c7in&#8217;in en \u00f6nemli \u00f6nceli\u011fi YZ&#8217;nin ekonomik ve end\u00fcstriyel\ngeli\u015fimini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek. Bunun yan\u0131nda, Ar-Ge&#8217;nin bilgi ve\nyetenek sistemini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem veriyorlar. \u00c7in&#8217;in\nsadece YZ i\u00e7in ne kadarl\u0131k bir b\u00fct\u00e7e ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmemekle\nberaber genel Ar-Ge yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 2016&#8217;da 234 milyar dolar\n(GSYH&#8217;sinin %2,11&#8217;i), 2017&#8217;de 263 milyar dolar (GSYH&#8217;sinin %2,13&#8217;\u00fc),\n2018&#8217;de 293,6 milyar dolar (GSYH&#8217;sinin %2,18&#8217;i) oldu. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00c7in, YZ ara\u015ft\u0131rma\nmakalelerinde ve y\u00fcksek oranda referans g\u00f6sterilen YZ\nmakalelerinde, YZ patentlerinde, YZ giri\u015fim sermayesi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda\nd\u00fcnya birincisi. YZ \u015firketi say\u0131s\u0131 ve YZ yetenek havuzunda\nb\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ise ABD&#8217;nin ard\u0131ndan ikinci durumda (Allen, 2019).\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nSalas-Pilco (2021), \u00c7in&#8217;in en\nb\u00fcy\u00fck zaaf\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00e7er\u00e7eve ve platformlar\u0131 ile yar\u0131\niletken alanlar\u0131nda oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hindistan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nHindistan, H\u00fck\u00fcmet YZ\nHaz\u0131rl\u0131k Endeksi&#8217;nde &#8216;tek boynuzlu&#8217; (unicorn &#8211; de\u011feri bir milyar\ndolar veya daha fazla olan giri\u015fimler) \u015firket say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re ABD,\n\u00c7in ve \u0130ngiltere&#8217;nin ard\u0131ndan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada. Forbes Global\n2000&#8217;e g\u00f6re de teknoloji \u015firketleri i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck pazar.\n17384 YZ bilim insan\u0131 ve m\u00fchendisi ile ABD ve \u00c7in&#8217;in hemen\nard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada. Y\u00fcksek kaliteli ara\u015ft\u0131rma\nyay\u0131nlar\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc. Fakat yay\u0131nlar\u0131na referans\nsay\u0131s\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere, Kanada, ABD ve \u00c7in&#8217;in\nard\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya be\u015fincisi. Bulan\u0131k mant\u0131k ile ilgili yay\u0131nlarda\nd\u00fcnyada \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, yapay \u00f6\u011frenmeyle ilgili olanlarda d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc.\n\u015eu an patentler konusunda daha geride olsa da \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda\nYZ yay\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yeni patentlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesi\nmuhtemel. Hindistan YZ alan\u0131ndaki bu potansiyelini daha verimli\nkullanmak istiyor (Kumar, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nHindistan&#8217;\u0131n do\u011frudan\nh\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bir YZ strateji belgesi\nolmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen h\u00fck\u00fcmete ba\u011fl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fu olan\nNITI Aayog&#8217;\u0131n 2018&#8217;de haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 &#8220;YZ \u00dczerine Ulusal\nStrateji&#8221; ve bunun \u00f6ncesinde Ticaret ve Sanayi Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n\nYZ G\u00f6rev G\u00fcc\u00fc ile Elektronik ve Enformasyon Teknolojileri\nBakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar var. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nNITI Aayog&#8217;un haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131\nYZ stratejisi, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin geli\u015fim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011frultusunda sosyal\nve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in YZ&#8217;yi kullanmay\u0131\nhedefliyor. Hem NITI Aayog&#8217;un stratejisinde hem de bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda YZ&#8217;nin GSYH&#8217;yi art\u0131rmaktan \u00f6te sosyo-ekonomik\nproblemlerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 hedefleniyor.\nHindistan&#8217;\u0131n YZ stratejisi, YZ&#8217;nin \u00f6zellikle be\u015f sekt\u00f6rde etkili\nve toplumun geneli i\u00e7in yararl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor: Sa\u011fl\u0131k,\ntar\u0131m, e\u011fitim, ak\u0131ll\u0131 \u015fehirler ve altyap\u0131, ak\u0131ll\u0131\nhareketlilik ve ula\u015f\u0131m. Bu ba\u011flamda, Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n YZ\nstratejisinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 amac\u0131 var. Birincisi, ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in YZ&#8217;den yararlanmak. YZ&#8217;nin yard\u0131m\u0131yla\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek yeni mal, hizmet ve yeniliklerle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir\nekonomik de\u011ferin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 bekleniyor. \u0130kinci ama\u00e7, YZ&#8217;den\nsosyal geli\u015fme ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme i\u00e7in yararlanmak. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc\nama\u00e7 ise Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n %40&#8217;\u0131 i\u00e7in bir &#8220;YZ Garaj\u0131&#8221;\nolarak geli\u015ftirmek. Hindistan, \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler\ngeli\u015ftirmek isteyen i\u015fletme ve kurulu\u015flar i\u00e7in bir &#8220;oyun\nalan\u0131&#8221; olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve Hindistan&#8217;da geli\u015ftirilecek\n\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin geli\u015fmekte olan di\u011fer ekonomilerde kolayca\nuygulanabilece\u011fini iddia ediyor. B\u00f6ylece Hindistan i\u00e7in\ngeli\u015ftirilecek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn en az\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n %40&#8217;\u0131 i\u00e7in\nge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunarak Hindistan&#8217;\u0131 bir Ar-Ge-Y (Ara\u015ft\u0131rma,\nGeli\u015ftirme, Yenilik) yeri olarak konumland\u0131r\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nYZ stratejisi do\u011frultusunda\nyap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlananlar ise \u015funlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>YZ\n\tara\u015ft\u0131rma ve uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek\n\t<\/li><li>Ortak\n\tveri bilgi i\u015flem platformlar\u0131 kurmak\n\t<\/li><li>YZ\n\ti\u00e7in CERN benzeri bir yap\u0131 olu\u015fturmak\n\t<\/li><li>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\n\te\u011fitimi\n\t<\/li><li>Gelecekte\n\tyeni i\u015flerin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fvik edilmek\n\t<\/li><li>YZ&#8217;nin\n\tneden oldu\u011fu istihdamdaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri takip etmek\n\t<\/li><li>\u0130nsan\n\tkaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmek\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\nHindistan, on be\u015f Teknolojik\nYenilik Merkezi, alt\u0131 Uygulama Yenilik Merkezi ve d\u00f6rt Teknoloji\n\u00c7eviri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Park\u0131 kurmay\u0131 hedefliyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n\noda\u011f\u0131nda ise sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, enerji, \u00e7evre, tar\u0131m, g\u00fcvenlik,\nEnd\u00fcstri 4.0, ak\u0131ll\u0131 \u015fehirler ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma\nolacak. Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n YZ stratejisinin hayata ge\u00e7irilebilmek i\u00e7in\nne kadarl\u0131k bir kaynak ay\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 veya b\u00fct\u00e7enin ne olaca\u011f\u0131\nstrateji belgesinde yer almamakla beraber YZ G\u00f6rev G\u00fcc\u00fc, be\u015f y\u0131l\ni\u00e7in 162 milyon dolarl\u0131k bir b\u00fct\u00e7enin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini\nsavunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nDr Urvashi Aneja, Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n\nYZ stratejisinin \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck zorlukla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu\nbelirtiyor\n(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/2019\/02\/problem-indias-ai-all-strategy\">https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/2019\/02\/problem-indias-ai-all-strategy<\/a>).\nBirinci zorluk, Hindistan&#8217;daki mevcut veri setlerinin par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f,\ntemsil d\u00fczeyi zay\u0131f ve modas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f do\u011fas\u0131. Aneja, mevcut\nveri setlerine dayanan algoritmalar\u0131n, \u00e7ok say\u0131da sosyal grubun\ndavran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na, ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na ve deneyimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6r\nolaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sosyal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin \u00e7arp\u0131k bir resmine sahip\nolaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor. \u0130kinci zorluk, veri gizlili\u011finin\nsa\u011flanmas\u0131. Hindistan, bir yandan \u00e7ok say\u0131da YZ uzman\u0131na\nsahipken di\u011fer yandan toplumun geneline bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda okur\nyazarl\u0131k d\u00fczeyinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 sa\u011flam bir veri koruma\nd\u00fczenlemesi tasarlaman\u0131n kolay olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc\nzorluk, end\u00fcstride uygulanacak YZ \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerinin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc\npiyasas\u0131n\u0131 sarsacak olmas\u0131. Yeni i\u015flerin daha y\u00fcksek nitelik\nistemesi ama i\u015fini\nkaybedecek olanlar\u0131n\ndaha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck nitelikli i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olmas\u0131 Hindistan&#8217;\u0131 zorlayacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nArindrajit Basu da &#8220;YZ\nGaraj\u0131&#8221; olma hayalinin tehlikelerine i\u015faret ediyor. Bu hayal,\nHindistan yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n (bireysel haklar\u0131n\u0131\nve mahremiyetlerini\nihlal ederek!) YZ\nodakl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kobay olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na\nyol a\u00e7abilir. Ki\u015fisel verileri ve mahremiyeti koruyacak d\u00fczenleyici\nbir mekanizma olmadan bu hayali ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak b\u00fcy\u00fck\nsorunlar do\u011furabilir\n().<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00dclkelerin YZ stratejileri\n\u00e7o\u011funlukla birbirine benzemesine ra\u011fmen vurgular\u0131 ve \u00f6ncelikleri\nfarkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00c7in ve Hindistan&#8217;\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran\nKumar (2021), \u00c7in i\u00e7in YZ&#8217;nin \u00c7in&#8217;in k\u00fcresel rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve\nulusal g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in stratejik bir teknoloji oldu\u011funu\nvurguluyor. Hindistan ise YZ&#8217;yi daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin\narac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. \u0130kincisi \u00c7in, sivil ve askeri YZ uygulama\nve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendiriyor. Bu\nnedenle, gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlarda sivil alandaki verilere\naskeri ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in eri\u015febilir ve s\u00f6z konusu verileri\nkullanabilir. Hindistan i\u00e7in ise sivil ve askeri verileri birbirine\nkar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fil. Bunun yan\u0131nda, g\u00f6zetim \u00c7in&#8217;de\nYZ&#8217;nin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n\nstrateji belgelerinde YZ&#8217;nin bu ama\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131\nonaylanm\u0131yor. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nT\u00fcm bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\nfarkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00c7in&#8217;in daha net ve planl\u0131 ad\u0131mlarla\nilerledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00c7in&#8217;in YZ stratejilerinde 2020, 2025 ve\n2030&#8217;da \u00c7inliler&#8217;in neyi hedefledikleri a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00e7ik belirtiliyor.\n\u00c7in&#8217;in YZ&#8217;yi kullanma vizyonu ve YZ&#8217;nin sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcrecindeki\nyeri de \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k. Hindistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kendi i\u00e7inde End\u00fcstri 4.0\nile ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar yapsa da Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n sanayile\u015fme\npolitikas\u0131 ve YZ&#8217;nin \u00fcstlenece\u011fi rol \u00c7in&#8217;deki gibi net de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti YZ\ninovasyonunu ve geli\u015fimini te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda fon\nyat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131yor ve \u015firketlerini destekliyor. Ancak Hindistan&#8217;da\nh\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan veya giri\u015fim sermayesi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla\nsa\u011flanan fon miktar\u0131 \u00c7in&#8217;e k\u0131yasla olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131. Bu\nnedenle Hindistan kendisini d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in &#8220;YZ Garaj\u0131&#8221;\nolarak projelendiriyor ve yabanc\u0131 \u015firketleri Hindistan&#8217;da YZ\ntabanl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler geli\u015ftirmeye davet ediyor. Bu da Arindrajit\nBasu&#8217;nun uyard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi riskli bir hamle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ve T\u00fcrkiye<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nT\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin YZ stratejisi,\nalt\u0131 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fuyor. Birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde (Giri\u015f), YZ\nkavram\u0131 tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor ve genel bir bak\u0131\u015f sunuluyor; stratejik\n\u00f6nceliklerin nas\u0131l belirlendi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde\n(K\u00fcresel Geli\u015fmeler ve E\u011filimler), di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin stratejileri\nve ana e\u011filimler inceleniyor. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde (T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de\nMevcut Durum), YZ&#8217;nin \u00fclkemizdeki mevcut durumu de\u011ferlendiriliyor.\nD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde (YZ De\u011ferleri ve \u0130lkeleri), gelecek d\u00f6nemde\ny\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek uygulamalara \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak de\u011fer ve ilkeler\nbelirtiliyor. Be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde (Stratejik \u00d6ncelikler, Ama\u00e7lar ve\nTedbirler), stratejik \u00f6ncelikler, bu \u00f6ncelikler kapsam\u0131nda\nbelirlenen ama\u00e7lar ve bunun i\u00e7in nelerin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.\nAlt\u0131nc\u0131 ve son b\u00f6l\u00fcmde (Y\u00f6neti\u015fim Mekanizmas\u0131), UYTS&#8217;yi hayata\nge\u00e7irme ve s\u00fcrecin e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili y\u00f6neti\u015fim mekanizmas\u0131\na\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca raporun sonunda YZ terimlerinin a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131\nve YZ&#8217;nin tarihsel geli\u015fiminin anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nRaporda belirtilen alt\u0131\nstratejik \u00f6ncelik \u015funlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>YZ\n\tUzmanlar\u0131n\u0131 Yeti\u015ftirmek ve Alanda \u0130stihdam\u0131 Art\u0131rmak\n\t<\/li><li>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma,\n\tGiri\u015fimcilik ve Yenilik\u00e7ili\u011fi Desteklemek\n\t<\/li><li>Kaliteli\n\tVeriye ve Teknik Altyap\u0131ya Eri\u015fim \u0130mk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 Geni\u015fletmek\n\t<\/li><li>Sosyoekonomik\n\tUyumu H\u0131zland\u0131racak D\u00fczenlemeleri Yapmak\n\t<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131\n\tD\u00fczeyde \u0130\u015f Birliklerini G\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek\n\t<\/li><li>Yap\u0131sal\n\tve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc H\u0131zland\u0131rmak\n<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00d6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde\ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz di\u011fer strateji belgelerindekine benzer \u00f6ncelikler\ns\u00f6z konusu. Bunun yan\u0131nda raporda, 24 Ama\u00e7 ve 119 tedbir\nbelirtiliyor. Bu ama\u00e7lar ve tedbirler, uygulay\u0131c\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00e7er\u00e7evesini \u00e7izecek. \u00d6rne\u011fin, birinci stratejik\n\u00f6ncelik, YZ uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesi hakk\u0131nda belirtilen\nama\u00e7lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n<strong>Ama\u00e7 1.1.<\/strong> YZ uzman\u0131\nistihdam\u0131, sekt\u00f6rel ihtiya\u00e7lar ve \u00f6ncelikler do\u011frultusunda\nart\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n<strong>Ama\u00e7 1.2.<\/strong>\n\u00dcniversitelerin YZ alan\u0131ndaki akademik ve teknik kapasitesi\ngeli\u015ftirilecek ve yeni programlar a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n<strong>Ama\u00e7 1.3.<\/strong> YZ alan\u0131nda\n\u00f6n lisans, lisans ve lisans\u00fcst\u00fc e\u011fitim alan \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131 ve\nniteli\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nAma\u00e7 1.1&#8217;i hayata ge\u00e7irmek\ni\u00e7in gerekli baz\u0131 tedbirler ise \u015funlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Yapay\n\tZek\u00e2 Teknoloji Yol Haritas\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki alanlarda \u00fclkemizdeki\n\ti\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7in yetkinlik alanlar\u0131 ve say\u0131lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik mevcut\n\tdurum tespiti ve ihtiya\u00e7 projeksiyonu yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\n\t<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131\n\tnormlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde; YZ uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sekt\u00f6rel beceri\n\tharitalar\u0131, mesleki tan\u0131mlar, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar, beceri setleri,\n\tyeterlilikler ve ulusal meslek standartlar\u0131 belirlenecektir.\n\t<\/li><li>YZ\n\tuzmanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in uzaktan ve k\u0131smi zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131\n\tiyile\u015ftirilecektir.\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\n2025 sonu i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen\nhedefler ise \u015funlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>YZ\n\talan\u0131n\u0131n GSYH&#8217;ye katk\u0131s\u0131 %5&#8217;e y\u00fckseltilecektir.\n\t<\/li><li>YZ\n\talan\u0131nda istihdam 50.000 ki\u015fiye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\n\t<\/li><li>Merkez\u00ee\n\tve yerel y\u00f6netim kamu kurum ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda YZ alan\u0131nda\n\tistihdam 1.000 ki\u015fiye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\n\t<\/li><li>YZ\n\talan\u0131nda lisans\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00fczeyde mezun say\u0131s\u0131 10.000 ki\u015fiye\n\t\u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\n\t<\/li><li>Yerel\n\tekosistemin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi YZ uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n kamu al\u0131mlar\u0131nda\n\t\u00f6nceliklendirilerek ticarile\u015ftirilmesi desteklenecektir.\n\t<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131\n\tkurulu\u015flar\u0131n g\u00fcvenilir ve sorumlu YZ ile s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi veri\n\tpayla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki d\u00fczenleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ve\n\tstandartla\u015fma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine aktif olarak katk\u0131 verilecektir.\n\t<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131\n\tYZ endekslerindeki s\u0131ralamalarda T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin ilk 20 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda\n\tyer almas\u0131 sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r.\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><strong>***<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\u00dclkelerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi\u011fi\nkonular de\u011fi\u015fse de \u00f6nceliklerini d\u00f6rt ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda toplamak\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcn (Salas-Pilco, 2021): \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Teknolojik\n\t\u00f6ncelikler (insan kaynaklar\u0131 ve Ar-Ge), \n\t\n\t<\/li><li>Ekonomik\n\t\u00f6ncelikler (end\u00fcstri ve \u00fcretim, start-up kulu\u00e7kalar\u0131), \n\t\n\t<\/li><li>Sosyal\n\t\u00f6ncelikler (YZ hakk\u0131nda sosyal fark\u0131ndal\u0131k, YZ destekli i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc),\n\t\n\t\n\t<\/li><li>Devletle\n\tilgili ve jeopolitik \u00f6ncelikler (etik ve yasal normlar, askeri ve\n\tg\u00fcvenlik, uluslararas\u0131 ortakl\u0131klar). \n\t\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\nBu ba\u011flamda, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin YZ\nstratejisinin de di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin YZ stratejilerine benzer\n\u00f6ncelikler i\u00e7erdi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Ama ulusal strateji\nbelgelerinin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. As\u0131l mesele,\nstrateji belgesinde belirtilen hedeflerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in\nhangi somut ad\u0131mlar\u0131n at\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve bunun i\u00e7in ne kadarl\u0131k bir\nb\u00fct\u00e7enin ayr\u0131laca\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nBilim ve teknoloji\npolitikalar\u0131, di\u011fer alanlardan (ba\u015fta e\u011fitim, y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretim\nve sanayi olmak \u00fczere) ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ele al\u0131namaz. Bu nedenle, sorun\nyaln\u0131zca YZ stratejisinin \u00fclke ekonomisine nas\u0131l katk\u0131da\nbulunaca\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil ilk\u00f6\u011fretimden \u00fcniversiteye e\u011fitim\npolitikas\u0131n\u0131n, mevcut \u00fcretim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n YZ\nstratejisinde belirtilen hedefleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in nas\u0131l\nde\u011fi\u015fip d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fidir. E\u011fitim politikalar\u0131 ve mevcut \u00fcretim\nanlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmezse sadece g\u00fczel haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ama\nuygulayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir YZ stratejimiz olacak&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kaynaklar:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Allen,\nG. C. (2019). Understanding China&#8217;s AI strategy: Clues to Chinese\nstrategic thinking on artificial intelligence and national security.\nWashington, DC: Center for a New American Security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kumar,\nA (2021). National AI Policy\/Strategy of India and China: A\nComparative Analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Salas-Pilco,\nS. Z. (2021). Comparison of National Artificial Intelligence (AI):\nStrategic Policies and Priorities. In Towards an International\nPolitical Economy of Artificial Intelligence (s. 195-217). Palgrave\nMacmillan, Cham.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zhang,\nD., Mishra, S., Brynjolfsson, E., Etchemendy, J., Ganguli, D., Grosz,\nB., &#8230; &amp; Perrault, R. (2021). The ai index 2021 annual report.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2103.06312.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yapay Zek\u00e2 (YZ), 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelece\u011fini belirleyebilecek bir teknoloji. Geride kalmak istemeyen \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rekabet var.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[392,298],"tags":[193,194,419,420,386,421,418,417],"class_list":["post-770","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-teknolojik_egemenlik","category-yapay-zeka","tag-abd","tag-cin","tag-fransa","tag-guney-kore","tag-hindistan","tag-japonya","tag-kanada","tag-strateji"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/770","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=770"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/770\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":771,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/770\/revisions\/771"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=770"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=770"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=770"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}