\u0130lgin\u00e7 bir tarih\u00e7esi var Internet’in. 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda SSCB uzaya ilk d\u00fcnya uydusunu, Sputnik’i f\u0131rlatt\u0131. Uydular\u0131n bug\u00fcn her t\u00fcrl\u00fc verinin iletilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Sputnik i\u00e7in k\u00fcresel telekom\u00fcnikasyonun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r diyebiliriz[1]. Bunu takiben teknolojik yar\u0131\u015fta geri kalmak istemeyen ABD, Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency-\u0130leri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri Ajans\u0131) adl\u0131 yeni bir birim olu\u015fturdu. Internet’in atas\u0131 ARPANET i\u015fte bu birimin alt\u0131nda, “a\u011flar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131”n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu a\u011flar, so\u011fuk sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda askeri ama\u00e7lar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek tasarland\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131na dayanacak kapasitedeydiler.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Ancak daha sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te, savunma (sava\u015f) ama\u00e7l\u0131 tasarlanan Internet yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerde buldu. \u00dcniversitelerde bilginin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla farkl\u0131 bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre do\u011fru evrildi. Sava\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, bilgi payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na do\u011fru evrilen s\u00fcre\u00e7te Internet, “herkesten yetene\u011fi kadar, herkese ihtiyac\u0131 kadar” olan bilimsel kom\u00fcnizme ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131. Bilim insanlar\u0131 ve yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan Internet, onlar\u0131n ama\u00e7 ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda yeniden \u015fekillendi. \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir arac\u0131 ve ortam\u0131 haline geldi. Bundan dolay\u0131, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, yaz\u0131l\u0131mdaki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tarif ederken, “\u00f6zg\u00fcr konu\u015fmadaki gibi” ifadesini kullan\u0131rlar (\u201cFree as in free speech\u201d).<\/p>\n
90’l\u0131 y\u0131llar ise Internet’te yeni bir d\u00f6neme i\u015faret eder. Internet \u00fczerinde yeni i\u015f modelleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bilgisayarlar ve Internet eri\u015fimi ucuzlam\u0131\u015f, Internet kullan\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hala devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te, kapitalizm, Internet’i kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda geli\u015ftirir ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte LaborStart.org, bianet ve sendika.org gibi siteler bu ba\u011flamda, Internet’in, \u00fcretenlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6re kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Elbette Internet \u00fczerindeki ne askeri ama\u00e7lar son buldu ne de yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n, “\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, herkese” ideali. Hatta diyebiliriz ki, yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ideali ile kapitalizmin metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 e\u011filimi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki Internet’in olu\u015fumu \u00fczerinde temel belirleyicilerden biri oldu. Bu \u00e7eli\u015fkinin kendisini en belirgin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi alanlardan biri Internet tarihindeki “web taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (web browsers) sava\u015f\u0131” oldu.<\/p>\n
Evet, \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7larla tasarlanan\/geli\u015ftirilen Internet, \u00fcreten s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n elinde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ifade etmenin bir arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Ancak bir de Internet i\u00e7i m\u00fccadele, pop\u00fcler ad\u0131yla \u201cWeb taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131\u201d var ki, kimi sendika.org okurlar\u0131 bilmeden yanl\u0131\u015f tarafta yer al\u0131yor. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131, onlar\u0131n bu sava\u015fta da “\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck” saflar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in bir davettir.<\/p>\n
Web Taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 Sava\u015f\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n Sava\u015f\u0131n taraflar\u0131na ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce \u201cweb taray\u0131c\u0131 nedir?\u201d sorusuna yan\u0131t vermek gerekiyor. \u00d6nce bir ipucu verelim:\u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\/A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak kod d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Mozilla, FireFox, Konqueror, Netscape vs. diye tan\u0131n\u0131r. Sahipli yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ise ad\u0131 Internet Explorer’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Internet kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na sunulmak istenen bilgiler sunucu ad\u0131 verilen bilgisayarlarda tutulur. D\u00fcz metinler, resimler, mp3’ler bu sunucularda yer al\u0131r. Bunlara nas\u0131l ula\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z?<\/p>\n 1. Ad\u0131m :<\/strong> Internet’e ba\u011flan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z ve web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131za ula\u015fmak istedi\u011finiz sitenin adresini yazars\u0131n\u0131z. Internet’in kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in belirli protokollere uyulmas\u0131 gerekir. Protokol, iki bilgisayar (sizin bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131z ve sunucu) aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 koyar. \u00d6rne\u011fin e-posta i\u00e7in SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol-Basit Posta \u0130letim Protokol\u00fc), dosya transferi i\u00e7in FTP (File Transfer Protocol- Dosya Transfer Protokol\u00fc) kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve web’de siteleri gezmek i\u00e7in HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol- Hiper-metin transfer protokol\u00fc) adl\u0131 protokoller kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, herhangi bir sitenin adresini web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131za yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda s\u00f6zkonusu siteyle HTTP adl\u0131 protokol\u00fcn kurallar\u0131 gere\u011fince ili\u015fki kurars\u0131n\u0131z. Web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z bu g\u00f6revi sizin i\u00e7in yerine getirir.<\/p>\n 2. Ad\u0131m: <\/strong>Sunucu bilgisayar\u0131, sizden gelen talebi de\u011ferlendirir. Yine HTTP kurallar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde istedi\u011finiz bilgileri size g\u00f6nderir.<\/p>\n 3. Ad\u0131m:<\/strong> Web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z gelen bilgileri al\u0131r, daha \u00f6nceden bildi\u011fi protokol\u00fcn kurallar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde gelen metni ve resmi uygun formatta g\u00f6rmenizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n Diyelim ki sunucu, protokol\u00fcn t\u00fcm kurallar\u0131na, kabul edilmi\u015f standartlara uymuyor; farkl\u0131\/\u00f6zel bir formatta bilgiler g\u00f6nderiyor. Bu durumda sizin web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z gelen bilgileri anlayamayacak ve size g\u00f6steremeyecektir. Bunu hi\u00e7bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 sunucu yapmaz. Sundu\u011fu \u015fey anla\u015f\u0131lmayacaksa ne diye bu g\u00f6revi yerine getirsin ki?<\/p>\n Ama diyelim ki, sunucu bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131n standartlardan farkl\u0131, \u00f6zel dilini anlayan web taray\u0131c\u0131lar var. Sunucu bilgisayar\u0131, sadece onun anlayaca\u011f\u0131 dilde konu\u015fuyor. Standartlara uymayan bu dili konu\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artarsa ne olur?<\/p>\n Web taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde ya\u015fananlar bunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 vermekte.<\/p>\n 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda, web hen\u00fcz yeni yeni yayg\u0131nla\u015fmakta iken sadece birka\u00e7 web taray\u0131c\u0131 vard\u0131. Netscape, Mosaic ve Lynx. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n nerdeyse b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Netscape kullanmaktayd\u0131. Web’in ticari olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 farkeden Microsoft, Internet Explorer (IE)’\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. IE 4 \u00e7\u0131kana kadar Netscape hakim konumdayd\u0131 (%72 Netscape, %18 IE). Ancak IE 4, bu tabloyu tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Her\u015feyden \u00f6nce daha h\u0131zl\u0131yd\u0131 ve standartlara Netscape’ten daha \u00e7ok uyuyordu. Netscape ve Microsoft yar\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine s\u00fcrekli yeni \u00f6zellikler ekliyorlard\u0131. Pazarda avantajl\u0131 konuma ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in aceleyle, tam test edilmemi\u015f, karars\u0131z\/sorunlu \u00fcr\u00fcnler s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Netscape pazar pay\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla kaybetti ve sava\u015f\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden yenik ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Microsoft’un Netscape’e kar\u015f\u0131 zafer kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan iki temel \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131.<\/p>\n Her\u015feyden \u00f6nce, Microsoft daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015firketti. Netcape’e g\u00f6re daha geni\u015f ekonomik olanaklar\u0131 vard\u0131 ve bu sava\u015fta kendini finanse etme \u015fans\u0131 daha y\u00fcksekti.<\/p>\n \u0130kinci olarak da, Microsoft i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fcreticisiydi. \u0130\u015fletim sisteminin kaynak koduna sahiplik, IE’yi Netscape’e g\u00f6re daha avantajl\u0131 hale getiriyordu.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7ta iki \u015firket sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve biri bu sava\u015ftan galip ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak kaybeden yaln\u0131z Netscape olmad\u0131. Pazarda hakimiyeti ele ge\u00e7iren Microsoft, standartlar\u0131 da kendi koymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Microsoft, hakim konumda olmasa da, sunucu taraf\u0131nda da vard\u0131. Sadece Internet Explorer’\u0131n anlayabilece\u011fi \u00f6zel bir teknolojik dil konu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00d6yle bir noktaya gelinmi\u015fti ki, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in Internet (i\u00e7inde Internet kelimesinin ge\u00e7mesinin de etkisiyle), Internet Explorer ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015fti. IE, Windows kurulu her bilgisayarda \u00f6nceden sisteme entegre halde geliyor, sistemin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 rahat\u00e7a kullanabiliyordu. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, sahibi Microsoft olan bu teknolojik dili kulland\u0131k\u00e7a, dil yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu yeni dilin avantajlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak isteyen, sunucu taraf\u0131nda program gelistiren\/web sitesi yay\u0131nlayan kimi yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar \u015f\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n “\u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu IE kullan\u0131yor. Ben \u015fu \u00f6zellikleri kullan\u0131rsam, web sitem daha g\u00fczel olur. Standartlara uymak i\u00e7in ufak bir y\u00fczde ile u\u011fra\u015famam.”<\/em><\/p>\n \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck’ten bihaber yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n da etkisiyle Internet, Microsoftca konu\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Herkes istedi\u011fi dili konu\u015fabilir elbette. Ama Microsoft’ca kullan\u0131c\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fccretli bir dil ve art\u0131k Internet, o dilin lisans paras\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeyenleri kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir noktaya do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmekteydi.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fte tam bu anda sava\u015f\u0131n ma\u011fl\u00fcb\u00fc Netscape firmas\u0131 yeni bir hamle yapar. 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda kamuoyunu sarsan bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapar, Netscape’in kaynak kodunu a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurur ve bu yeni \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 Mozilla olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\/A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak d\u00fcnyas\u0131 s\u00fcrece m\u00fcdahele eder. 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda gelindi\u011finde, art\u0131k Netscape’in zaaflar\u0131ndan \/ zay\u0131fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, IE ile boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015febilen bir taray\u0131c\u0131 vard\u0131r: Mozilla 1.0.<\/p>\n 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise art\u0131k Microsoftca’n\u0131n Internet topraklar\u0131ndan h\u0131zla s\u00f6k\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Yeni web taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Firefox’un geli\u015fi, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda partilerle kutlan\u0131r. Art\u0131k sunucu taraf\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirenler\/web sitesi yay\u0131nlayanlar \u015funu diyememektedir:<\/p>\n “\u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu IE kullan\u0131yor. Ben \u015fu \u00f6zellikleri kullan\u0131rsam, web sitem daha g\u00fczel olur. Standartlara uymak i\u00e7in ufak bir y\u00fcze ile u\u011fra\u015famam.”<\/em><\/p>\n Asl\u0131nda Netscape’in stratejisi, \u00f6nceki yenilginin bir ele\u015ftirisidir de. Maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan kendisini Microsoft’la rekabet edecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde finanse edemeyece\u011fini anlay\u0131nca, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\/A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Kod d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ba\u015fvurdu. Microsoft’un sistemle entegre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan IE’sinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck zaaf\u0131, bu entegrasyonun onu sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 daha k\u0131r\u0131lgan yapmas\u0131yd\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, IE’deki herhangi bir a\u00e7\u0131ktan t\u00fcm sistem zarar g\u00f6rebiliyordu. Firefox’tan solucan girmez diye bir kural yok. Ama oradan girecek vir\u00fcsler\/solucanlar sizin t\u00fcm sisteminizi \u00e7\u00f6kertmeyecektir.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7ta Firefox, en az IE kadar performansa sahip, daha g\u00fcvenli web taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n En \u00f6nemlisi, kaybetmek \u00fczere oldu\u011fumuz \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bize geri verdi.<\/p>\n Web Taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 Sava\u015f\u0131’nda art\u0131k saf\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 belirlemi\u015fseniz, kurulumu da, kullan\u0131m\u0131 da \u00e7ok kolay olan Firefox’u a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki adresten indirip kurabilirsiniz:\u00a0http:\/\/www.mozilla.org\/products\/firefox\/<\/a> Daha g\u00fcvenli ve \u00d6zg\u00fcr bir Internet i\u00e7in\u00a0Firefox<\/a>Notlar: [1] Cogito, say\u0131 30, K\u0131\u015f 2002 [2] http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Browser_wars [3] ActiveX, VBScript gibi.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir tarih\u00e7esi var Internet’in. 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda SSCB uzaya ilk d\u00fcnya uydusunu, Sputnik’i f\u0131rlatt\u0131. Uydular\u0131n bug\u00fcn her t\u00fcrl\u00fc verinin iletilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Sputnik i\u00e7in k\u00fcresel telekom\u00fcnikasyonun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r diyebiliriz[1]. Bunu takiben teknolojik yar\u0131\u015fta geri kalmak istemeyen ABD, Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency-\u0130leri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri Ajans\u0131) adl\u0131 yeni bir birim olu\u015fturdu. Internet’in atas\u0131 ARPANET i\u015fte bu birimin alt\u0131nda, “a\u011flar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131”n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu a\u011flar, so\u011fuk sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda askeri ama\u00e7lar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek tasarland\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131na dayanacak kapasitedeydiler.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ozgur_yazilim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":240,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8\/revisions\/240"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}