![\"\"](\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/semiconductor-sales-2019.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\u00c7iplerin \u00fcretimi \u00fc\u00e7 temel ad\u0131mda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor: tasar\u0131m,\n\u00fcretim ve montaj. Bu ad\u0131mlar, tek bir \u015firketin b\u00fcnyesinde\nolabilece\u011fi gibi \u015firketler bir i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\nhareket edebiliyorlar. Entegre cihaz \u00fcreticileri (Integrated device\nmanufacturers – IDMs) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Intel ve Samsung gibi\n\u015firketler, t\u00fcm \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini \u015firket i\u00e7inde\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyorlar. Bu i\u015f modeli, yar\u0131 iletken teknolojisinin\nilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ba\u015fat i\u015f modeli olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f\n\u00e7iplerin tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve imalat\u0131 ile ilgili artan karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve\nmaliyetler \u015firketleri belirli bir \u00fcretim ad\u0131m\u0131nda uzmanla\u015fmaya\nzorlad\u0131. Sadece tasar\u0131m yapan ve imalat\u0131 ba\u015fka \u015firketlere\nyapt\u0131ran \u015firketler fabrikas\u0131z (fabless) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor.\nQualcomm (ABD), Nvidia (ABD) ve HiSilicon (\u00c7in) gibi fabrikas\u0131zlar\nd\u00f6k\u00fcmc\u00fclerle (foundry) yak\u0131n i\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.\nD\u00f6k\u00fcmc\u00fcler \u00e7iplerin \u00fcretimini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra \u00e7iplerin\ntest edilmesi, montaj\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f etkenlerden\nkorunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in paketlenmesi gerekiyor. Bu son ad\u0131m\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmc\u00fclerin\nkendileri yap\u0131yor ya da yar\u0131 iletken montaj ve test \u015firketlerine\n(Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test – OSAT) yapt\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nBir IDM olan Intel, t\u00fcm i\u015flemcileri \u00e7o\u011funlukla ba\u015ftan sona\nkendisi \u00fcretiyor. Bir di\u011fer i\u015flemci \u015firketi AMD ise fabrikas\u0131z\nkategorisindeki \u015firketlerden. Tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemcileri TSMC’nin\nTayvan’daki fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00fcrettiriyor ve bu i\u015flemciler SPIL adl\u0131\nOSAT taraf\u0131ndan paketleniyor. \u00c7ip tasar\u0131m\u0131 daha kalifiye i\u015f\ng\u00fcc\u00fcne, y\u00fcksek maliyetli Ar-Ge faaliyetlerine gerek duyuyor. \u00c7ip\nimalat\u0131, 15 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fabilen pahal\u0131 tesis ve ekipman\nharcamalar\u0131 nedeniyle sermaye yo\u011fun bir i\u015f. Montaj ise emek yo\u011fun,\nk\u00e2r marj\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir i\u015f. Bunun yan\u0131nda, i\u015f modelleri ve pazar\nyo\u011funla\u015fmalar\u0131 yar\u0131 iletken t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re farkl\u0131la\u015fabiliyor.\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi bir \u00e7ok \u00e7ipte ABD’li \u015firketlerin\na\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc var ve \u00c7in’li \u015firketler pazara girmenin\nyollar\u0131n\u0131 ar\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200bDRAM\n(Dynamic Random Access Memory – Dinamik Rastgele Eri\u015fimli Bellek)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n\u0130\u015flenmekte olan verileri ge\u00e7ici olarak depolamak i\u00e7in\nkullan\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Modern ara\u00e7lardan enerji \u015febekelerine ve\nu\u00e7aklara kadar bir\u00e7ok teknoloji DRAM \u00e7iplerinden yararlan\u0131yor.\nSon 15 y\u0131ld\u0131r DRAM pazar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yo\u011funla\u015fma ya\u015fan\u0131yor.\n2005’te 25 milyar dolarl\u0131k DRAM pazar\u0131ndaki sekiz \u015firket,\npiyasan\u0131n %97’sine hakimdi. 2019’da ise pazar hacmi 65 milyar dolara\n\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firket (G\u00fcney Kore’den Samsung ve SK Hynix\nile ABD’den Micron) pazar\u0131n %95’ini ele ge\u00e7irdi. DRAM sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131,\nIDM olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\u00c7in, sermaye yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu bu pazara girmeye\nve yabanc\u0131 DRAM \u00e7iplerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa\nda ABD’nin yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00c7in’in \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engel.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan JHICC (Fujian Jinhua Integrated\nCircuit Company) adl\u0131 \u015firket 2018’de ABD taraf\u0131ndan, kurumsal\ncasusluk ve Micron’un fikri m\u00fclkiyetlerini \u00e7almakla su\u00e7land\u0131. Bu\nsu\u00e7laman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ABD Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, JHICC’ye ihracat\u0131\nyasaklad\u0131. Bir di\u011fer \u00c7inli \u015firket CXMT (ChangXin Memory\nTechnologies) ise farkl\u0131 bir yol izliyor. ABD’nin patentlerinden\nka\u00e7\u0131narak 2009’da iflas eden Alman Qimonda \u015firketinin patentlerine\ndayanan bir DRAM teknolojisi geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u00c7in, hen\u00fcz\n\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck DRAM \u015firketi ile rekabet edebilir durumda de\u011fil ama\nCXMT, \u00c7in’in uzun vadeli, kendi kendine yeterlilik stratejisi\ndo\u011frultusunda ilerliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200bNAND:\nBilgi i\u015flem cihazlar\u0131 i\u00e7in uzun s\u00fcreli bellek<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\nSabit disk s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinin modern versiyonu olan NAND flash bellek\n\u00e7ipleri, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bilgi i\u015flem cihazlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu i\u00e7in uzun\ns\u00fcreli bellek g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. 46 milyar dolar hacimli NAND pazar\u0131\nalt\u0131 \u015firketin kontrol\u00fcnde: Samsung ve SK Hynix (G\u00fcney Kore),\nKIOXIA (Japonya), Micron ve Intel (ABD). DRAM’de\noldu\u011fu gibi NAND’de de \u00fcretim hacminin ve \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomilerinin\nkilit \u00f6nemi var. NAND’lerde de IDM i\u015f modeli yayg\u0131n; \u00fcretim\nba\u015ftan sona \u015firket i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor. \u00c7in, 2016’da kurulan\nYMTC (Yangtze Memory Technologies) ile NAND pazar\u0131na girmeye\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200bAnalog\n\u00c7ipler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\nDijital \u00e7ipler yaln\u0131zca 0’lar ve 1’lerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken analog\n\u00e7ipler analog olan fiziksel d\u00fcnyayla etkile\u015fime giriyorlar.\nElektri\u011fe gerek duyan cihazlar analog \u00e7iplerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir pili \u015farj etmek, elektrikli motoru hareket ettirmek,\ntelefon aramalar\u0131 yapmak, m\u00fczik dinlemek analog \u00e7ipler yard\u0131m\u0131yla\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nDijital \u00e7iplerde, bir milimetre kare silikona daha fazla transist\u00f6r\ns\u0131\u011fd\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131 analog \u00e7iplerde o kadar \u00f6nemli de\u011fil. Bunun\nyerine alan uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir elektrikli\nara\u00e7ta kullan\u0131lan analog \u00e7iplerle ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonda veya\nbilgisayarda m\u00fczik dinlemeye yarayan dijitalden analoga\n\u00e7eviricilerde kullan\u0131lan analog \u00e7ipler farkl\u0131 uzmanl\u0131klara\ndayan\u0131yor. Alan uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131 ve son teknoloji\n\u00fcretim tesislerine yat\u0131r\u0131m zorunlulu\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yo\u011funla\u015fma\nDRAM ve NAND \u00e7iplerine g\u00f6re daha az; 2019’da on \u015firketin toplam\npazar pay\u0131 %62’ydi. \u00c7o\u011funlukla ABD, Japonya ve Avrupa k\u00f6kenli\nolan analog \u00e7ip \u00fcreticilerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini\ntamamen kendi i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken bir k\u0131sm\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00e7iplerin (ama\nhepsini de\u011fil!) \u00fcretimini \u015firket d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki d\u00f6k\u00fcmhanelere\nyapt\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200bOtomotiv\n\u00c7ipleri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\nOtomotiv \u00e7iplerinde alan uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gereksinimi daha \u00e7ok \u00f6ne\n\u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Hem analog hem de dijital \u00e7iplere gerek duyan otomotiv\nend\u00fcstrisinin t\u00fcketici elektroni\u011finden farkl\u0131 gereksinimleri var.\nOtomotiv end\u00fcstrisinde, geni\u015f bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve di\u011fer\n\u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u00e7ipin nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten\n\u015fartnameler oluyor. Buradaki \u015firketler de ya t\u00fcm \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini\nkendi i\u00e7lerinde organize ediyor ya da baz\u0131 \u00e7ipleri d\u0131\u015far\u0131\nyapt\u0131r\u0131yor. Hedef sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden dolay\u0131 bir\n\u015firketin \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00e7ipleri otuz y\u0131l boyunca devam ettirebilmesi\ngerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200b\u0130\u015flemciler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n\u0130\u015flemci sekt\u00f6r\u00fc de az say\u0131da \u015firketin kontrol\u00fcnde. \u00d6rne\u011fin,\nsadece Intel (ABD), AMD (ABD) ve VIA Technologies (Tayvan), diz\u00fcst\u00fc\nve masa\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlarda kullan\u0131lan x86 temelli i\u015flemciler\ni\u00e7in gerekli patentlere sahip. \u0130\u015flemci ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u015firketleri\naras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki tekelle\u015fmeye de zemin haz\u0131rl\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin,\nMicrosoft Windows, x86 temelli i\u015flemciler \u00fczerine tasarland\u0131.\n1980’lerden beri Microsoft ve Intel’in ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 birbirini\nbesliyor. Microsoft \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 art\u0131k\u00e7a\nyaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fka i\u015flemci mimarileri i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131m\ngeli\u015ftirme motivasyonu ortadan kalkt\u0131. Ki\u015fisel bilgisayarlarda\nkullan\u0131lan i\u015flemci mimarisinin iki ABD’li \u015firkete ait olmas\u0131\n\u00c7in’i yerli alternatifler geli\u015ftirmeye zorlad\u0131. Bu do\u011frultuda,\n\u00c7in’in Shanghai Municipal Government \u015firketi, AMD ve Intel d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda\nx86 lisanslar\u0131na sahip tek \u015firket olan VIA Technologies (Tayvan)\nile Zhaoxin \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir araya geldi. 2020’de HP, Zhaoxin\ni\u015flemcili bilgisayarlar\u0131 \u00c7in’de satmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7in’in Zhaoxin\ni\u015flemcileri Intel ve AMD’nin \u00e7ok gerisinde olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n\nZhaoxin’in ABD d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir se\u00e7enek olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nAk\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar, tabletler ve nesnelerin internetinde ise ARM\ntabanl\u0131 i\u015flemciler kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. ARM komut k\u00fcmesi Birle\u015fik\nKrall\u0131k k\u00f6kenli ARM Limited taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirildi. Intel ve AMD\ni\u015flemci satarken ARM Limited, tasar\u0131m sat\u0131yor ve fikri m\u00fclkiyet\nhaklar\u0131ndan para kazan\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylece Apple, Samsun ve Huawei\nARM’in tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 alarak kendi i\u015flemcilerini geli\u015ftiriyorlard\u0131.\n2016’da ARM, Softbank (Japonya) taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131. ARM\nLimited, Softbank taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra \u015firketin\nAr-Ge birimleri ABD’de bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen fikri m\u00fclkiyetleri\n\u0130ngiltere k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fundan Huawei, ABD yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na maruz\nkalmad\u0131. Daha sonra ARM’nin Nvidia (ABD) taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nma\ngiri\u015fimi ortadan kalk\u0131nca Huawei (en az\u0131ndan \u015fimdilik!) rahat bir\nnefes ald\u0131. ARM \u015fimdilik daha \u00e7ok mobil cihazlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.\nAma bu durum de\u011fi\u015febilir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en h\u0131zl\u0131 bilgisayar\u0131 Fugaku\nda ARM tabanl\u0131 ve bilgisayar \u00fcreticilerin ARM’yi mobil d\u0131\u015f\u0131\nbilgisayarlarda kullanma planlar\u0131 var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nYZ \u00e7ipleri, yapay \u00f6\u011frenme modellerinde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere\ntasarlan\u0131yorlar. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlarda kullan\u0131lan bir\n\u00e7ok modern SoC’da (\u00e7ip \u00fczerinde sistem – system-on-a-chip) entegre\nYZ h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar var. Bunlar y\u00fcz tan\u0131ma gibi yapay \u00f6\u011frenme\ng\u00f6revlerinin yerine getirilmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Y\u00fczden fazla\n\u015firketin YZ \u00e7ipi veya h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu\nsekt\u00f6rde hen\u00fcz pazara hakim bir i\u015flemci mimarisi bulunmuyor. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nK\u0131sacas\u0131 B\u0130T (Bilgi ve \u0130leti\u015fim Teknolojileri) sistemleri\nABD’den gelen i\u015flemcilere ve analog \u00e7iplere, G\u00fcney Kore’den gelen\nDRAM’e, Japonya’dan gelen NAND’a ve Avrupa’dan gelen fikri m\u00fclkiyet\nhaklar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131lar. Hi\u00e7bir b\u00f6lge t\u00fcm yar\u0131 iletken tiplerini\nkendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00fcretemiyor. Ama yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131nda\ng\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi tedarik zincirinin kendisi de \u00e7ok fazla\nba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7eriyor. T\u00fcm \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini kendi i\u00e7inde\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren IDM’ler bile \u00e7ok say\u0131da ekipman ve kimyasal madde\nsat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200bYar\u0131\n\u0130letken Tedarik Zinciri Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\nTedarik zinciri, ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 ad\u0131mdan olu\u015fuyor: Tasar\u0131m, imalat\nve montaj. \u00c7ipleri tasarlayanlar IDM’ler ve fabrikas\u0131z \u015firketler,\ntasar\u0131m yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131na ve fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar.\nIDM’ler ve d\u00f6k\u00fcmhaneler \u00e7iplerin imalat\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli\nekipmanlara, kimyasallara ve silikon plakalara gerek duyuyor. Montaj\u0131\nyapan IDM’ler ve OSAT’lar, \u00e7e\u015fitli ekipmanlar ve kimyasallar\nkullan\u0131yor. Bu nedenle, yar\u0131 iletken tedarik zinciri ister istemez\nABD, Tayvan, G\u00fcney Kore, Japonya, Avrupa ve \u00c7in aras\u0131ndaki\ni\u015fbirli\u011fi ve ticarete dayan\u0131yor. Kleinhans ve Baisakova’n\u0131n\n(2020) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere zincirdeki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k\nili\u015fkileri herhangi bir b\u00f6lgenin t\u00fcm tedarik zincirini kendi\ns\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200b\u00c7ip\nTasar\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n\u00c7iplerin tasar\u0131m\u0131 olduk\u00e7a maliyetli ve daha ileri teknolojilere\ndayanan \u00e7ipler tasarlamak istedi\u011finizde maliyet art\u0131yor. 2016\ny\u0131l\u0131nda 10 nm (nanometre) d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler i\u00e7in bir \u00e7ip tasarlaman\u0131n\nmaliyeti 170 milyon dolard\u0131. 2020’de, 5 nm’lik d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler i\u00e7in \u00e7ip\ntasarlaman\u0131n maliyeti 540 milyon dolar\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131. Alibaba, Alphabet\n(Google), Amazon, Facebook, Tesla gibi \u015firketler kendi \u00e7iplerini\ntasarl\u0131yorlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc YZ h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar gibi belirli bir i\u015f\n\u00fczerinde uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, uygulamaya \u00f6zel \u00e7iplere ihtiya\u00e7\nduyuyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7ip tasar\u0131m\u0131nda en y\u00fcksek pazar pay\u0131 ABD’li \u015firketlerin. Onlar\u0131, Tayvanl\u0131 \u015firketler takip ediyor. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafikte 2019’da ABD’li, Tayvanl\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131 \u015firketlerin pazar paylar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Ancak \u00c7in’in fabrikas\u0131z \u015firketlerinin 2019’daki toplam pazar pay\u0131 %15’ti. Huawei’nin \u00e7ip tasar\u0131m yan kurulu\u015fu HiSilicon, halka a\u00e7\u0131k bir fabrikasyon \u015firket olsayd\u0131, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda ilk be\u015f aras\u0131nda yer alacakt\u0131 (Kleinhans ve Baisakova, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\u00c7ip tasar\u0131m\u0131, bir d\u00f6k\u00fcmhanedeki belirli bir \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine\nuymak zorunda ve bu nedenle fabrikas\u0131z \u015firketlerin TSMC (Tayvan) ve\nSamsung (G\u00fcney Kore) gibi d\u00f6k\u00fcmhanelerle \u00e7ok yak\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\ngerekiyor. Ayr\u0131ca en son teknoloji SoC’lar i\u00e7in \u00e7ip tasar\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok\npahal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan \u015firketler, \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomisinden yararlanmak\namac\u0131yla, ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar gibi t\u00fcketici elektroni\u011fine\ny\u00f6neliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \nBa\u015fta \u00c7in olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok yerde fabrikas\u0131z \u015firketlerin\nsay\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131yor ve bir\u00e7ok \u015firket \u00f6zel ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7ipler\ngeli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ama EDA (Electronic Design Automation –\nElektronik Tasar\u0131m Otomasyonu) ad\u0131 verilen ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullanmak\nzorundalar. EDA pazar\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 ABD k\u00f6kenli \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan\nkontrol ediliyor: Cadence Design Systems, Synopsys ve Mentor. Mentor,\n2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda Siemens taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131 ama \u015firket\nmerkezi h\u00e2l\u00e2 ABD’de bulunuyor. Tedarik zincirindeki en fazla Ar-Ge\nharcamas\u0131 yapanlar EDA’lar. EDA \u015firketleri gelirlerinin %35’inden\nfazlas\u0131n\u0131 Ar-Ge i\u00e7in harc\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \nEnd\u00fcstrinin son derece k\u0131sa inovasyon d\u00f6ng\u00fclerine ayak uydurmak\nzorunda olan EDA’lar d\u00f6k\u00fcmhanelerle ve ekipman \u00fcreticileriyle\nyak\u0131n temas halindeler. Bu zorunluluk nedeniyle son y\u0131llarda EDA\nsekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7ok say\u0131da birle\u015fme ve sat\u0131n alma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.\nSadece Synopsys, 2010’dan beri 46 \u015firketi ve teknolojiyi b\u00fcnyesine\nkatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \nPazardaki yo\u011funla\u015fma olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek. Neredeyse t\u00fcm end\u00fcstri,\nbir \u00fclkedeki bu \u00fc\u00e7 sat\u0131c\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131. ABD’nin \u00c7in’e y\u00f6nelik\nyapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 tedarik zincirinin bu ad\u0131m\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a etkili oldu\nve Huawei’nin (HiSilicon) tasar\u0131m yeteneklerini olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \nFikri m\u00fclkiyet (Intellectual Property – IP), tedarik zincirinin t\u00fcm\nad\u0131mlar\u0131nda etkili olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ip tasar\u0131m\u0131nda\n\u00f6nemli. EDA sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015firket yar\u0131\niletkenlerde fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131na sahip. Fikri m\u00fclkiyetler,\nkimi zaman \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kimi zaman da USB\nve a\u011f aray\u00fcz\u00fc gibi standart fonksiyonlarla ilgili olabiliyor.\nFikri m\u00fclkiyet, \u00c7in’in en zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 konulardan biri ve \u015firket\nal\u0131mlar\u0131yla konumunu iyile\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin,\n\u00c7in’de devlet m\u00fclkiyetindeki bir \u015firket, grafik \u00fczerine temel\nfikri m\u00fclkiyetlere sahip \u0130ngiltere merkezli Imagination\nTechnologies’i sat\u0131n ald\u0131. ARM China da \u0130ngiltere’deki ARM\nHoldings’in %49, \u00c7inli yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n ise %51 hisseye sahip\noldu\u011fu bir \u015firket. Uzun d\u00f6nemde ARM China’n\u0131n fikri m\u00fclkiyet\nalan\u0131nda etkili olmas\u0131 hedefleniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \nFabrikas\u0131z \u015firketler, EDA sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve IP sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131,\nbir tasar\u0131m\u0131 belirli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcyle e\u015fle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in\nd\u00f6k\u00fcmhanelerle yak\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Geli\u015ftirme\ns\u00fcrecinin en ba\u015f\u0131nda, fabrikas\u0131z \u015firketler \u00e7iplerini hangi\nfabrikadan in\u015fa etmek istediklerine karar vermeliler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir\n\u00e7ip tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Samsung’un 7nm d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcnden TSMC’nin 7nm\nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcne ge\u00e7irmek, neredeyse tamamen yeniden tasar\u0131m ve\ndolay\u0131s\u0131yla y\u0131llarca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\u00c7ip tasar\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00fcretim i\u00e7in plaka imalat tesislerine g\u00f6nderilir.\n\u0130malat tesisleri, IDM’ler veya d\u00f6k\u00fcmhaneler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilir.\nBuralarda \u00fcretim ekipmanlar\u0131 ve kimyasallar kullan\u0131larak \u00e7ip\ntasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren silikon plakalar \u00fcretilir. Son yirmi y\u0131lda\nbu s\u00fcre\u00e7 giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k ve pahal\u0131 oldu. \u0130malat, sermaye\nyo\u011fun bir \u00fcretim gerektiriyor. Daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7ipler i\u00e7in daha\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck transist\u00f6rler \u00fcretme yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle, gerekli \u00fcretim\nekipman\u0131 giderek daha pahal\u0131 hale geliyor ve modern fabrikalar\u0131n\nmaliyetlerinin \u00e7o\u011funu olu\u015fturuyor. TSMC, bir sonraki 3 nm\nfabrikas\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 19,5 milyar dolara mal olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin\nediyor. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n \nAncak sermaye b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda bir fabrikay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131\nbir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak, karma\u015f\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7 hakk\u0131nda derin\nbilgi gerektiriyor. Plaka \u00fcretimi, d\u00fczinelerce farkl\u0131 ekipman\nt\u00fcr\u00fcne yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczlerce i\u015flem ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyor. Tecr\u00fcbeli\n\u00fcreticiler bile yeni s\u00fcre\u00e7 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerini devreye al\u0131rken\nzorlan\u0131yorlar. Bu nedenle d\u00f6k\u00fcm pazar\u0131nda sadece birka\u00e7 oyuncu\nvar. TSMC, pazar\u0131n %50’den fazlas\u0131na hakim durumda. Onu Samsung\ntakip ediyor ve \u015firket, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar d\u00f6k\u00fcmhanelerine 116\nmilyar dolar yat\u0131r\u0131m yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. Samsung, hem IDM olarak\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor hem de d\u00f6k\u00fcmhane i\u015fletiyor. TSMC ve Samsung 7 nm ve\nalt\u0131nda d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlere sahip en ileti teknoloji \u00e7iplerin \u00fcretimini\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u015firketler. Intel de ayn\u0131 \u00fcretim kapasitesine\nsahip olmakla beraber \u00fcretimi sadece kendisi i\u00e7in yap\u0131yor. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n2019’da 14nm’lik d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerde \u00e7ip \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flayan \u00c7in’in en\nb\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmhanesi SMIC ise TSMC’nin en az d\u00f6rt y\u0131l gerisinde.\n40-250 nm’lik d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler SMIC’in 2019’daki gelirinin %90’\u0131n\u0131\nolu\u015fturuyordu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, 2020’nin ikinci \u00e7eyre\u011finde TSMC’nin\ngelirinin %70’i 7-28 nm’lik d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlere dayan\u0131yordu. SMIC, ABD\nyapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen ilerlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor\n(https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2022\/07\/22\/china_smic_7nm_chips\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \nK\u0131sacas\u0131, Tayvan ve G\u00fcney Kore \u00e7ip \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kritik\nb\u00f6lgeler. \u00c7in’in ayl\u0131k kapasitesi gelecekte Japonya’y\u0131 ge\u00e7ebilir.\nAma s\u00f6z konusu kapasitenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00c7in’deki TSMC, SK\nHynix ve Micron gibi daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknolojili yabanc\u0131 fabrikalardan\ngelecek. Avrupa’n\u0131n plaka kapasitesi ise giderek azal\u0131yor.\nGelecekte her \u015fey ABD’nin plaka \u00fcretimini kendi b\u00f6lgesine ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p\nta\u015f\u0131yamayaca\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \nFabrikalar, \u00e7ok say\u0131da sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sundu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli yar\u0131\niletken ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131 (semiconductor manufacturing equipment – SME)\nkullan\u0131yorlar. En b\u00fcy\u00fck SME sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan Applied Materials\n(AMAT), Lam Research (LAM) ve KLA, ABD’de; ASML, Avrupa’da; Tokyo\nElectron (TEL) Japonya’da bulunuyor. Fakat ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olurlarsa\nolsunlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin belirli bir ad\u0131m\u0131nda\nuzmanla\u015f\u0131yorlar. KLA, kalite kontrol i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ekipmanlar\u0131nda\n\u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc; AMAT, plazma da\u011flama ad\u0131m\u0131na hakim; Hollandal\u0131\nASML fotolitografi ekipman\u0131nda lider. ASML’nin u\u00e7 mor\u00f6tesi\nlitografi ekipman\u0131 (extreme ultraviolet lithography – EUV) 7 nm’den\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7iplerin \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/fabless-companies.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u200bYaz\u0131l\u0131m:\nElektronik Tasar\u0131m Otomasyonu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u200bFikri\nM\u00fclkiyet<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u200b\u0130malat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u200bEkipmanlar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/yarimada.gen.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/wafer-suppliers.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n